Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants Developments in Waste-to- Energy across Europe Jan Manders Deputy President CEWEP Napoli, 29 th May 2009 1
CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants CEWEP represents 360 of the 420 Waste-to-Energy plants across Europe. They thermally treat household and comparable waste, which is not otherwise reused or recycled, and generate energy from it. In 2006 across Europe they supply: electricity for 7 million households and heat for 13.4 million households. 2
Waste Hierarchy adopted by EU within the Waste Framework Directive The 5 step waste hierarchy in the Waste Framework Directive helps to achieve sustainable waste management, placing prevention at the top and disposal (such as landfilling) as the least favoured option. Reuse Recycling Other recovery Disposal Prevention e.g. energy recovery 3
Treatment of MSW in Europe EU27, 250 m tpa A large part of the EU27 waste is still wasted by putting it on landfills! But waste is a precious resource which should be utilised! Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste in the EU 27 in 2006 Source: EUROSTAT 4
Treatment of MSW in the EU 27 in 2006 Source: EUROSTAT Recycling (Incl. Bio Treatment) Thermal Treatment Landfilling 5
Treatment of MSW in the EU 27 in 2007 Source: EUROSTAT Recycling Bio-Recyling Thermal Treatment Landfilling 6
Successful Strategy for Integrated Waste management in various European countries Domestic and Comparable Waste Separation at source Organic Residual Waste Bulky Dom. Waste textiles glass paper packaging r e c y c l i n g AD +Compost. WtE Separation Compost Energy Bottom ashes R Residue material* Metals R Wood Biomass Energy Plants Rubble R RDF pellets cement kilns etc. R landfill * backup 7
Alternative processing routes : variants of MBT, especially for situations with little / no source separation Paper, metals, plastics, etc Recycling M S W Separation & Sorting Organics combustible Fuel preparation Anaerobic Digestion RDF SRF Biogas Incineration Heat / Electricity Electricity Methane gas Composting Compost? Meeting specs? Or Landfill
MBT One has to bear in mind that MBT is a pretreatment only. It does not work without landfilling or thermal treatment. Does this pretreatment have advantages - From an environmental point of view? - From a hygiene point of view? working conditions for employees? - From an economic point of view? As CEWEP might be criticised for not being objective on this, let s have a look what the experts say, from a country which gathered some appropriate experience
MBT German advisory council on the environment (SRU): 2008 environment policy report 10.2.4 Conclusions and Suggestions: The mechanical-biological treatment of waste (MBT) has been established as complementary to incineration, but it is still fighting with the fulfillment of the edge conditions like security of disposal, conformity with current legislation and economics. Due to these open questions, further constructions of MBT plants are currently not advised. There are chances of this treatment when being enhanced to a material flow method before incineration or as an export technology. The SRU is a scientific advisory board of the German Government to which it delivers every 4 years an environment report. http://www.umweltrat.de/02gutach/downlo02/umweltg/ug_2008.pdf.
How MBT is viewed by the consultants MBT is not a magic bullet: Used inappropriately it can be costly, have poor operational reliability, result in significant environmental impacts and contribute little towards recycling and climate mitigation. Used well, it can provide tangible benefits and ease political and public acceptance of new waste processing infrastructure, but it rarely provides overwhelming environmental gains relative to its cost. Quote from a report by Juniper Consultancy
Waste to Energy (Incineration with Energy Recovery of MSW and comparable waste) dominant route for the treatment of residual MSW and comparable waste Fully proven and environmentally safe About 64 million tonnes of capacity in operation Supplying about 26 TWh of electricity (7 million households) and about 50TWh of heat about 50 % of this energy is classified as renewable represents a net CO 2 saving in most circumstances major drive in Europe to further improve energy efficiency now classified as Recovery provided plant is meeting R1 energy efficiency criterion
Agreed formulae within the WFD for the R1 Efficiency criterion Treatment of waste in a WtE plant is recovery if: An existing plant meets efficiency factor > 0,6 New plant (from 2009) meets efficiency factor > 0,65 Energy efficiency formulae: Energy produced (Energy in added fuel + Energy import) 0,97* x (Energy in the waste + Energy in added fuel) Equivalency factor electricity production x 2,6 Equivalency factor heat exported x 1,1 * factor accounting for energy losses due to bottom ash and radiation 13
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Heat vs Power production by WtE plants across EU relative to EU R1 Criterion Heat production kwh/t of waste 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Maximisation of supply of heat Mix of heat and power Less efficient plants 0,6 R1=0,8 Power only 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Power kwh/ ton of waste Based on data from majority of CEWEP WtE plants 15
WtE Capacity across Europe 2006 now about 64 million tonnes WTE Capacity per country kt per year 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 600 500 400 300 200 100 Average plant size (kt) 0 D F NL Sw CH Dk UK It B E A P N Fi PL 0 16
Waste to Energy Capacity Development within Europe Country Groups Likely developments Potential for expansion DE, NL, DK, SE, CH, AT, BE FR, IT, ES, PT, IE Recent extensions Demand and Capacity in balance or slight overcapacity emerging Market opportunities, but complications due to local policies & preferences GB, CZ, PL, Major extension potential GR, & new EU entrants Major potential, provided support from EU will become available
Waste to Energy volumes across Europe million tonnes per annum (CEWEP projections) 2006 2010 2020 Group I AT, BE,DK,NL, FR,DE,SE 46,7 55,0 58,8 Group II IE,IT,PT,ES,GB,FI,CZ Group III Others in EU 27 12,7 15,9 26,6 0,6 1,4 11,8 EU 27 60,0 72,2 97,2 CH + N 4,4 4,6 4,6 Total 64,5 76,9 101,8
Various countries are steadily investing in more WtE capacity (ktonnes) 2006 capacity 2007-2008 extension 2009-2011 extension 2012-2016 extension Germany 17800 3300 4300 none Netherlands 5500 900 1020 none Sweden 4100 500 550 500-600 Italy 5300 650 1800 2000-2500 UK 4400 500 1000 3500
Development of Waste to Energy volumes, and Energy output, total Europe
Growth of Renewable Energy from WtE for the EU 27 in total
Renewable Energy from WtE 2020 split between electricity and heat
Contribution of WtE to Global Warming Potential? At present in Europe about 64 million tonnes of waste is being treated via WtE This avoids emission of 23 million tonnes CO 2 eq comparable to emission of 11 million cars! Substantial future contribution of WTE across EU 27 if we seriously move away from landfill, say 0,4 0,7 ton CO 2 per ton landfill diversion to WtE 23
Extent of exploitation of heat and power from WtE across Europe Heat and power production from WtE per capita 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Heat Power kwh per capita 0 Germany France Netherlands Denmark Sweden Austria Portugal Switzerland Total 24
Heat from WtE can also be utilised in warmer climates! Application of steam for district cooling is technically and economically feasible via installation of absorption heat pumps. Examples of installed district cooling systems in Finland, Austria, and Italy; many more under study Application of steam for generation of high quality drinking water or distilled water via MED s is also technically and economically viable! 25
Thank you for your attention! CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants Office in Brussels: Boulevard Clovis 12A B-1000 Brussels BELGIUM Tel.: +32 (0)2 770 63 11 Fax: +32 (0)2 770 68 14 e-mail: info@cewep.eu Jan.manders@efwc.nl www.cewep.eu 26