C40 Tokyo Conference on Climate Change Oct. 22 2008 Measures for Temperature Rise in Tokyo Akira Hasegawa Senior Director in charge of Environmental policies, Bureau of Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government 1
High temperature rise in Tokyo Tokyo: 3 in 100 years Average temperature rise for the last 100 years 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 TOKYO Mean of big city in Japan Mean of small and medium-sized city Annual mean temperature Mean temperature (January) Mean temperature (August) Source: Japan Meteorological Agency 2
Causes of temperature rise in cities Increased heat load from progression of global warming and the heat island phenomenon from urbanization Decreasing greenery Increasing artificial heat exhaust Artificial ground covering, closely-knit buildings 3
Tokyo s s measures for heat island phenomenon 2002 Tokyo Environment Basic Plan 2002-04 04 Established METROS (weather observation network with 120 spots in 23 special ward area) 2003 Heat Island Control Strategy 2005 Formulation of Heat Environment Map Prepared Guidelines for Heat Island Control Measures Designated 4 area as Heat island countermeasure promotion areas 4
Average highest/lowest temperature in a day (July 20 2005 to Sept.30, 2005) highest lowest 5
Artificial heat exhaust (artificial sensible heat) in central Tokyo (Day) (Night) Source: Data from the Ministry of Environment (2000-2002), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(2003); Cooperation of Dr. Ashinaga s study team 6
Tokyo as seen from a Heat Environment Map Ground coverings, artificial heat exhaust, and concentration of buildings were analyzed, classified into 10 types, and plotted on the map Shinjuku Area Central Area Osaki/Meguro Area Area around Shinagawa Station Source: Heat Environment Map is made by the cooperation of the Urban Climate Forecasting System developed by Dr. Ashinaga s Study team 7
Tokyo s s measures for temperature rise 1 Environmental considerations in city planning and business activities 1) Restore Tokyo s s beauty as a city of water and greenery 2) Environmentally sound buildings and facilities 3) Expanding the use of renewable energy 4) Improving the thermal environment in living spaces 2 Adaptation measures through urban lifestyles Review lifestyles based on heavy energy consumption 1) Approaches for power saving 2) Reviewing car use 8
1-1) 1) Restore Tokyo s s beauty as a city of water and greenery 10-Year Project for Green Tokyo Target To create 1,000ha of new greenery in the coming 10 years (equivalent to 1,500 football fields) 9
1-1) 1) Restore Tokyo s s beauty as a city of water and greenery 1 Umi-no no-mori (Sea forest) Creating a Sea Forest by planting trees on a landfill in Tokyo Bay Becomes the origin of a breeze pathway from the waterfront to the city center Area : approx. 88ha Number of trees : approx. 480,000 Completion : 2016 Citizen participation in tree planting Image of completed Umi-no-Mori 10
1-1) 1) Restore Tokyo s s beauty as a city of water and greenery 2 The Green road network Increasing roadside trees Formation of a Green road network Arakawa River Tamagawa River Fuchu Tokorozawa line Yamanote-dori street 11
1-1) 1) Restore Tokyo s s beauty as a city of water and greenery 3 Grassing school grounds School grounds grassing project Create 300 ha of new greenery by planting lawns on all public elementary and junior high school grounds in Tokyo (equivalent to 450 football fields) Expand the project to private schools, kindergartens, nursery schools and high schools Maintain the lawns through cooperation of local residents 12
1-1) 1) Restore Tokyo s s beauty as a city of water and greenery 4 Green Planning program Mandatory greening for buildings newly-constructed or undergoing expansion/renovation (from 2001) Standards for greening Greening of 20% or 30% or more of open space on the ground and building Standards planned to be raised in the future Rooftop greening area approx. 88.6ha (FY2001-FY2007) FY2007) 13
1-2) Environmentally sound buildings and facilities 1 Cool Roof Project Promote Cool Roof (rooftop greening, highly reflective paint) project in collaboration with municipalities and businesses A subsidy was issued for 115 projects in FY2006-FY2007 FY2007 14
1-2) Environmentally sound buildings and facilities 2 Green Building Program (2002 2002~) Requires large building owners (total floor space exceeding 10,000 00m2 ) to submit the Tokyo Green Building Plan (range to be expanded from 2010) The TMG evaluates the plan and posts results on the TMG website Condominium advertisements must state environmental performance (Green labeling system) Green labeling system of condominiums Radar chat about environmental consideration Mitigation of Heat island phenomenon (2/3) Greening up (1/3) Heat load reduction (2/2) Renewable energy(0/3) Energy saving system (1/2) Water Environment (2/2) Long life cycle (2/3) Materials & Resources (1/2) 15
Submitting situation of Tokyo Green Building Plan Hotel, Restaurant 4% As of March 2008, Total 1,054 Store 7% Hospital 3% Factory, Warehouse 7% School 8% House 54% Office 17% 16
Environment-conscious measures of the Tokyo Green Building Program Environment-Conscious Measures Rational Use of Energy Optimum Use of Resources Preservation of the Natural Environment Mitigation of Heat Island Phenomenon Division Reductions in Thermal Loads in Buildings Use of Natural Energy Energy-Saving Systems An Efficient Operation mechanism Eco-friendly Materials Protection of Ozone Layers and Global Warming Control Extension of Life, etc Water Circulation Greening Measures against Artificial Exhaust Heat from Building Facilities Coverings of the Compound and Buildings Consideration for the Wind Environment To be strengthened from 2010 17
1-2) Environmentally sound buildings and facilities 3 Tokyo s Eco-pavement Fundamental functions of paved roads To ensure the safe, smooth and comfortable traffic Noise reduction and permeability Additional function =Curbing the rise of road surface temperature ( Eco- pavement ) Solar heat-blocking pavement and Water retaining pavement have been introduced in areas such as the city center where measures for the heat island phenomenon are necessary 18
Solar heat-blocking pavement Curb the rise of road surface temperatures by coating the pavement with heat-blocking material that reflects infrared rays from the sun Infrared rays Heat-blocking material reflection Asphalt mixture Basic layer 19
Effects in road surface temperature control Example of road surface temperature 60 50 - Normal Pavement SHBP Sample A SHBP Sample B Time Effect of Solar heat-blocking pavement (Source: Society of heat-blocking pavement technology) 20
Water retaining pavement Curb the rise of road surface temperatures by filling the surface of the pavement with water retaining material for surface cooling through vaporization of stored water Absorption of water Evaporation Heat of road surface water retaining material Basic layer 21
1-3) Expanding the use of renewable energy Introduce 1 million kw solar energy by 2016 Install solar power generations and solar heating systems to 40,000 households in FY 2009 and FY2010 Increase the solar market by 5 times Aim to shorten the payback time to 10 years Subsidize installations of solar energy systems in exchange for the green credit that solar energy creates 22
1-3) Expanding the use of renewable energy Make the city a power plant through diverse use of renewable energy! Tokyo Kazaguruma (Tokyo Waterfront Wind Power Generation) Solar panel on house rooftop Solar panels at Asaka purification plant Source: Yazaki Corporation Source: Bureau of Waterworks, TMG 23
1-4) Improving the thermal environment in living spaces City-wide measures to control temperature rise + Valuing the perspectives of urban residents Create a comfortable thermal environment in our living environment Understand the effects of cool spots provided by roadside trees, eco-pavement etc. Study the mechanism of adaptation to temperature rise Preventing heat stroke through effective announcement of sensory temperature information, etc 24
2 Adaptation measures through Changing energy-intensive lifestyles and business activities urban lifestyles 1 Approaches for power saving 2 Reviewing car use 25
2 Adaptation measures through urban lifestyles 1 Approaches for power saving Appealing to citizens for change to an energy-saving lifestyle Setting air-conditioning temperatures in the summer to 28 and wearing of light clothing recommended (implemented in cooperation with 3 prefectures and 4 cities around Tokyo) Promoting the Incandescent Lamp Replacement Campaign Conservation energy: 80% or less Cost: 1/3 Appealing to businesses for change in conduct, such as cutting hours for neon signs and billboards 26
2 Adaptation measures through urban lifestyles 2 Reviewing car use Implementing an environmental friendly transportation program that reflects local features Measures integrating programs such as the park & ride system, loop-line line bus services, improvement of distribution efficiency Promoting use of public transportation Promoting Eco-Driving 循環バスでまわる Loop-line Buses Image of park & ride system Parking 駐車場 lots 循環バス Business district 27
Multiple Measures in Urban development Urban development schemes leading to environmentally sound private development Case I : The Dai-Maru Maru-Yu District Case II : The Tokyo Midtown District 28
<Multiple Measures in Urban Development> Case I: The Dai-Maru Maru-Yu District Creating breeze pathways Greening by networking vacant lands Rooftop greening Promoting efficiency of district heating and cooling (DHC) 29
<Achievements in the Dai-Maru Maru-Yu District> Increasing greenery by networking vacant spaces Creating and greening vacant land by front setbacks 30
<Achievements in the Dai-Maru Maru-Yu District> Creating breeze pathways Introducing cool air from Tokyo bay and the Imperial Palace Imperial Palace Harumi Av. Image of breeze pathway along with Nihonbashi river Gyoko Av. Tokyo Station Nihonbashi Riv. 31
<Achievements in the Dai-Maru Maru-Yu District> Promoting rooftop greening through building renovations Approx. 2.6-fold increase in area of green rooftops (2002 2008 2008) Area of green rooftops approx. 9,450 m2 approx. 2.6 times approx. 3,600 m2 32
<Achievements in the Dai-Maru Maru-Yu District> Efficiency in district heating and cooling Introduction of DHC in the Dai-Maru Maru-Yu District (120ha.) Increase efficiency through machinery renewals and plant connections 33
<Multiple Measures in Urban Development> Case II: Tokyo Midtown District Using conversion of land use to implement environmental measures (Before the development) (After the development) 34
<Achievements in the Tokyo Midtown District> Create a large scale of greenery in the middle of Tokyo 2.7-fold increase in greenery (0.6ha approx. 1.7ha) Excluding the adjacent Hinokimachi municipal park 35
TMG s Mitigation Measures for Climate Change Simultaneous implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures to avoid risks of climate change 1990 2000 2006 2009 2010 2020 2050 2002 2006.12 Need over 50% global reduction by 2050 TMG s 10-year Plan GHG Reduction Target 25% reduction from 2000 levels by the year 2020 Implementation of the Roll out 10-Year Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo 2007.6 Tokyo Climate Change Strategy 2008 Ordinance amendment CO2 Emission Reduction Program Green Building Program Measures to be strengthened 36
<TMG s s Mitigation Measures for Climate Change> Tokyo s s Cap-and and-trade Program Scheme Mandatory cap-and and-trade scheme to reduce CO2 emission from large office buildings and factories The bill has passed unanimously in Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly (Jun 25th, 2008) Starts on FY2010 37
<TMG s s Mitigation Measures for Climate Change> Mandatory obligation to reduce emissions below its allowances Base year emissions allowances Compliance assessment emissions Need to keep the average emissions of 5 years within the allowance even with growing production or longer operation hours Average of past 3 years Base year emissions Compliance factor 5 (years) Emissions 2010-1014 (total emissions over the 5 years) 38
<TMG s s Mitigation Measures for Climate Change> The significance of Tokyo s s Scheme Japan s s first mandatory cap-and and-trade scheme Not reduction of emission intensity, but reduction of total emission Not voluntary scheme, but mandatory scheme World s s first mandatory reduction scheme covering urban business emitters Coverage: About 1,300 business sites including office buildings in commercial sector (about 1,000 sites) Co2 emissions reduction in commercial sector pressing issue in the world 39
Thank you for your attention! http://www.metro.tokyo.jp 40