The role of UNICEF in Rural Water Supply & Environmental Sanitation ADB Journalists Workshop on Water Policy Issues in Vietnam 9-12 November 2003 The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors or the governments they represent. ADB makes no representation concerning and does not guarantee the source, originality, accuracy, completeness or reliability of any statement, information, data, finding, interpretation, advice, opinion, or view presented.
THE CHALLENGE Almost two-and-a-half billion without sanitary means for excreta disposal More than one billion without access to safe water Most people without access to improved water and sanitation facilities live in Asia Sanitation Water Served Unserved
1.1 billion still without access to improved water supply Latin America/ Caribbean 6% CEE/ CIS 4% Sub-Sahara Africa 25% Middle East/ North Africa 4 % East Asia/ Pacific 42 % South Asia 19% Almost 700 million live in Asia Source: UNICEF/WHO, 2000
2.4 billion still without access to improved sanitation facilities Latin America/ Caribbean 5% CEE/ CIS2% Sub -Sahara Africa 12% Middle East/ North Africa 2% East Asia/ Pacific 42 % South Asia 37% About 1.9 billion live in Asia Source: UNICEF/WHO, 2000
Burden of disease due to selected risk factors Malnutrition Water/sanitation Unsafe sex Alcohol Indoor air pollution Tobacco Occupation Hypertension Physical inactivity Illicit drugs Outdoor air polution Source: BMJ, 2000; 320:1228 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Percentage of global disability adjusted life years
VIETNAM AT A GLANCE (1) Total Land area of ~ 331,690 square km, with total coastline of about 3,260 km Characterized by two main delta areas - the Red River Delta in North and the Mekong Delta in the South, linked by narrow central section - only 35 km at its narrowest point Total Population ~ 80 million, of which ~ 80 % live in rural areas ~ 54 Ethnic Minority Groups / ~14 % belong to EMG ~10 % < 5 years; ~40 % < 18 years
SITUATION UPDATE (1) Limited Access and Use of Safe Water and Sanitation in Rural Areas Only 44% have access to safe water (Nat. 54%) Only 33% have access to adequate sanitation (Nat. 44%) Sanitation: survey in 1997 in 10 provinces by MoH found that >50 % had access to latrines.only 17% used hygienically Poor sanitation, unsafe water, and unhygienic environments Fluoride, Arsenic and other water quality problems emerging
SITUATION UPDATE (2) 20% 14% Water and sanitation facilities at schools ~100% schools in cities have water and sanitation 66% facilities. Schools have no water and sanitation facilities Schools have water and sanitation facilities, supported by Government Schools have water and sanitation facilities, supported by UNICEF But there are few schools in rural areas with access to clean water, and many schools have no latrine at all.
SITUATION UPDATE (3) NATURAL DISASTERS Floods Landslides Cyclone/ Typhoon Tidal waves Drought Earthquakes Floods 1999-2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 # Drowned 793 481/335 390/304 170/151 # in need of relief assistance 1 M 4.5 M 1.7 M 1.4 M
OPPORTUNITIES (1) National Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Strategy approved in August 2000: Increase rural water coverage to 60% by 2005 Increase rural sanitation coverage to 50 % by 2005 Increase focus on community ownership and management, Behavior Change National Target Programme on Health, Water & Sanitation, Education etc. Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy (CPRSG), adopted April 2002 Ongoing Decentralization process - Decree to promote grass root level participation
ON-GOING TRANSITION IN RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION SECTOR, VIET NAM AS PER SECTOR STRATEGY Towards A Strong Community & User Focussed Approach From: PAST PRACTICES COMMUNITIES as "OWNERS" Focus on Lowland, easily access areas, mainly state budget / support for building and maintenance DRIVEN External driven approach & technology preference, target based planning -Improved service selected by technicians alone - high subsidy What communes want and What communes can afford (need to contribute to large part of investment cost and full O&M / recurrent cost, with exception of poor) ) Effective and gender sensitive IECC activities Focus on poorest areas, based on real need Users decide on desired level of service, technology and O & M arrangements Demand based focussed on willingness to participate SUPPORTED COMMUNITIES "RECIPIENTS" as To: CURRENT and FUTURE Demand Responsive Approach
OPPORTUNITIES (2) Current 2001-2005 Progranme of Cooperation includes WES as a separate programme Increased recognition of WES interventions key in achieving Medium Term Strategic Priorities (IECD, Girls Education) Millennium Development Goals, localized in Vietnam Development Goals National Plan of Action for Children Convention on the Rights of the Child
OPPORTUNITIES (3) COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES UNIICEF s support to RWS in Vietnam since 1982, with focus on poorest, development of technology options focus on the poorest: UNICEF has been the major agency supporting WES in the poorest rural communities trust and respect: from government and other partners rights: UNICEF, as an honest broker, can effectively lobby for national WES programmes that promote child rights
2001-2005 2005,, OVERALL WES GOALS Support achievement of Vietnam national goals by 2005: 60 % (80 %) of rural population with safe water 50 % of rural households with sanitary latrines, and hence Support better understanding and implementation of National RWSS Strategy (Approved August 2000) Support implementation of the Millennium Development Goal # 7 and Vietnam Development Goal Ensuring Environmental Sustainability Support implementation of UNICEF Medium Term Strategic Plan (MTSP) of Integrate Early Childhood Development and Girl s Education, focussing on Integrate RWS/WES activities with other UNICEF supported activities - especially household and school sanitation & hygiene - to increase health and nutritional impacts
SOME CONTRIBUTIONS - 1 Demonstrate Application RWSS Strategy - pilot projects in TT Hue & Quang Binh with DANIDA support, Ninh Binh; five steps community based Planning & Implementation of RWSS implemented Construction of WES facilities at communes, schools, Kindergarten, health centers Awareness raising & training - IEC - development of IEC framework CERWASS, provincial IEC planing guidelines, Information on Effective IEC in Vietnam, supported provinces to plan and implement IEC activities, evaluation of IEC activities in RWSS Introduction / development of technologies / models for water and sanitation such as Water jars, Small Piping Systems, Improved Fish Pond Latrines, Gravity Water Systems, Ecological latrines Poverty focus - focus on 135 Communes, AFA and rural remote areas: Study on How to Reach the Poorest Household in RWSS completed
SOME CONTRIBUTIONS - 2 Emergency support in Mekong Delta provinces water supply and sanitation improvements to flood effected families, with focus now also to evacuee sites - CARE assessment shows water & sanitation as top priority Integrate RWS/WES activities with other UNICEF supported activities - especially household sanitation & hygiene - to increase health and nutritional impacts Encourage children s participation - toward child friendly environment: review technical designs from child perspective. Direct Funds Transfer to provinces - Decentralization of planning & implementation (Transfer of cash to provinces for Intensive Sanitation, IEC etc.) Gender - study on situation completed
SOME CONTRIBUTIONS - 3 Maintain proactive support to water quality and Arsenic & Development of Water Quality Standards for Rural areas (National Steering Committee, testing, exchange visits and meetings; study / review of removal options ; focus on Red River Delta) Demonstrate Integrated (water supply and sanitation project) planning and implementation (Intensive Sanitation & Primary Environmental Care & IEC) (5 districts in 5 different provinces for integrated projects - Yen Bai, Son La, Thanh Hoa, Phu Tho, Quang Nam and Gia Lai) Improve Quality of Activities through: Stronger Monitoring & Management (WaterMAPPER database, development of 6 monthly monitoring Plans, regular review meetings) Studies, Evaluation and Documentation & Exchange of experience (Studies & evaluation increased to improve quality) Financial & Operational Work processes Improvements (Finalization of Operations Guidelines, MARD financial guidelines and training provinces) OR fund mobilization (brief advocacy papers and project proposals, support field visits)
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Example: the Intensive Sanitation Initiative Percentage of households access to safe water sources in the ES project sites in 2002 Th ng 3/2002 Th ng 10/2002 S«ng Thao oan Hï ng Kim B«i L¹ c S n Na Hang S n D- ng Chî Mí i B¹ ch Th«ng V n ChÊn TrÊn Yª n Vâ Nhai TriÖu S n Nam µn H- ng S n Ch- Pah
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Example: the Intensive Sanitation Initiative PERCENTAGE OF SANITARY LATRINES IN THE ES PROJECT DISTRICTS IN 2002 Th ng 3/2002 Th ng 10/2002 S«ng Thao oan Hï ng Kim B«i L¹ c S n Na Hang S n D- ng Chî Mí i B¹ ch Th«ng V n ChÊn TrÊn Yª n Vâ Nhai TriÖu S n Nam µn H- ng S n Ch- Pah
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Example: the Intensive Sanitation Initiative PERCENTAGE OF SANITARY BATHROOM IN ES PROJECT DI STRI CTS I I N 2002 Th ng 3/2002 Th ng 10/2002 S«ng Thao oan Hï ng Kim B«i L¹ c S n Na Hang S n D- ng Chî Mí i B¹ ch Th«ng V n ChÊn TrÊn Yª n Vâ Nhai TriÖu S n Nam µn H- ng S n Ch- Pah
OVERALL PROGRAMME BUDGET US$ 70.3 million, 2001-2005 Country Programme OR REQUIRED: US$ 50 million RPCP 15% PLANNING 4% CROSS-SEC. 2% COMM 5% H & N 29% BASIC EDUC. 19% WATSAN 26%
WES Programme Priorities promote improved hygiene practices in communities, focussing on schools, kindergarten support construction of community-owned water supply and sanitation facilities for poor communes...promote integrated community based approaches, based on local skills development continue focus on poorest areas maintain proactive actions on Water Quality & Arsenic Increase profile of Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Situation through documentation and exchange of experiences Mobilization of funds for WES
Thank You Vision 21 water for people: A clean and healthy world: A world in which every person has safe and adequate water and sanitation and lives in a hygienic environment.