GRDC Grains Research Update Western Australian barley update 2016 Blakely Paynter, DAFWA, Northam
Key Messages Malt / food barley sow at 120 or 150 plants/m 2 with target changing with malt / food variety Feed barley sow at 180 plants/m 2 Think plants/m 2, use kernel weight to convert to kg/ha Rosalind is the new yield benchmark Spartacus CL is the new Scope CL Watch out for changing virulence in NTNB and powdery mildew
Western Australian barley update Part 1 Seed rate
What does increasing seed rate do to barley? number of plants established biomass at 6 WAS plant height has no effect on lodging risk grain yield before plateauing kernel weight hectolitre weight screenings grain protein concentration before plateauing grain brightness
All sounds bad., so lets put it in context Seed rate study 2012 and 2013 10 varieties Bass, Baudin, Buloke, Commander, Flinders, Granger, Hindmarsh, La Trobe, Vlamingh and Wimmera 4 seed rates 50, 100, 200 and 400 plants/m 2 8 locations per year 4 locations had two dates of seeding Nitrogen x seed rate study 2012-2014 6 varieties Bass, Buloke, Commander, Granger, La Trobe and Wimmera 3 N rates 0, 30 and 90 kg N/ha 3 seed rates 75, 150 and 300 plants/m 2 3 locations per year X 2 X 2 X X X X X 2 X X 2 X X
Grain yield (t/ha) Kernel weight (mg, db) Grain yield (t/ha) 3.6 Kernel weight (mg, db) 39.0 3.5 38.5 3.4 = 15 % 38.0 37.5 = 2 mg 3.3 37.0 3.2 36.5 3.1 36.0 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) V x SR interaction 17% trials V x SR interaction 46% trials Source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik, DAFWA, 24 V x SR trials (2012-2013)
Hectolitre weight (kg/hl) Screenings (% < 2.5 mm) Hectolitre weight (kg/hl) 72.0 Screenings (% < 2.5 mm) 22 71.6 21 71.2 = 0.4 kg/hl 20 70.8 = 2.5 % 70.4 19 70.0 0 100 200 300 400 18 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) V x SR interaction 50% trials V x SR interaction 58% trials Source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik, DAFWA, 24 V x SR trials (2012-2013)
Grain protein (%, db) Brightness (Minolta 'L*') Grain protein (%, db) 12.5 Grain brightness (Minolta L* ) 61.5 12.3 61.3 = 0.3 L* 12.1 61.1 = 0.4 % 11.9 60.9 11.7 60.7 11.5 0 100 200 300 400 60.5 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) V x SR interaction 13% trials V x SR interaction 38% trials Source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik, DAFWA, 24 V x SR trials (2012-2013)
Receivability interacted with variety Target seed rate (plants/m 2 ) Quality trait 50 100 200 400 Average Hectolitre weight 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Screenings 83% 83% 81% 79% 82% Grain protein concentration 62% 61% 61% 65% 62% Grain brightness 100% 99% 99% 99% 99% Received as Malt / Food 61% 60% 60% 61% 60% Source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik, DAFWA, 24 V x SR trials (2012-2013) Percent of samples meeting GIWA Malt or Food barley receival specifications Target seed rate (plants/m 2 ) Variety 50 100 200 400 Average Bass 63% 54% 63% 63% 60% Baudin 67% 67% 63% 63% 65% Buloke 58% 58% 58% 67% 60% Commander 63% 58% 67% 54% 60% Flinders 54% 58% 58% 67% 59% Granger 58% 67% 50% 63% 59% Hindmarsh 63% 63% 63% 63% 63% La Trobe 67% 63% 67% 54% 63% Vlamingh 67% 54% 54% 67% 60% Wimmera 50% 54% 58% 54% 54% Received as Malt / Food 61% 60% 60% 61% 60%
What did we learn from seed rate studies? 1 2 3 Varieties react similarly to increasing seed rate for grain yield Impact of seed rate on grain quality is small with the impact influenced by variety How a variety responds to increasing seed rate cannot be predicted by knowing how they respond to increasing N 4 The target seed rate for malt / food barley varies by variety
Grain yield (t/ha) What is the recommended seed rate? 41 plants/m 2 99 plants/m 2 220 plants/m 2 377 plants/m 2 Suggested seed rate for barley is 120 150 plants/m 2 The optimum density (P opt ) for grain yield: 137 ± 9 plants/m 2 V x SR series (24 trials) 154 ± 20 plants/m 2 V x N x SR series (9 trials at 30 N) What about when you include grain quality? 3 2 1 0 P opt @ 1.5 kg/ha/plant 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik, DAFWA, 24 V x SR trials (2012-2013) and 9 V x N x SR trials (2012-2014)
Return ($/ha) Return ($/ha) V x SR series (24 trials) $500 V x N x SR series (9 trials, 30 N) $660 $480 $640 $460 $620 $440 $600 $420 $580 $400 $560 $380 Group 1 Group 2 $540 Group 1 Group 2 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Group 1 Bass, Flinders, Hindmarsh, La Trobe Group 2 Baudin, Buloke, Commander, Granger Group 1 Bass, La Trobe Group 2 Buloke, Commander, Granger Source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik, DAFWA, 24 V x SR trials (2012-2013) and 9 V x N x SR trials (2012-2014)
What target density do we suggest? MALT / FOOD 120 plants/m 2 Baudin Commander Granger Scope CL MALT / FOOD 150 plants/m 2 Bass Flinders Hindmarsh La Trobe FEED 180 plants/m 2 Compass Fathom Oxford Rosalind Spartacus CL. In medium to high rainfall environments with a yield potential above 1.5 t/ha
What is this density in kg/ha? Use kernel weight to calculate seed rate in kg/ha Target plant density (plants/m 2 ) 120 150 180 1000 kernel weight Seeding rate (kg/ha) 35 g 54 67 80 40 g 61 77 92 45 g 69 86 103 50 g 77 96 115 germination % 98% 98% 98% establishment % 80% 80% 80% Likely seed rates in kg/ha (varies with kernel weight): 60-75 kg/ha 65-80 kg/ha 75-90 kg/ha 80-95 kg/ha 80-115 kg/ha Baudin, Commander and Granger Scope CL Flinders, Hindmarsh and La Trobe Bass Feed barley varieties
Where to get more information? Details of our recent seed rate research can be found in the four papers written for this GRDC Research Updates.
Western Australian barley update Part 2 Variety
Barley variety menu for 2016 Nibbles Rosalind, Oxford and Spartacus CL Appetiser Baudin and Commander Entrée Flinders, Granger and Hindmarsh Mains Bass, La Trobe and Scope CL
What did we learn from 2015 barley NVT? 1 2 3 4 5 New feed barley Rosalind was the highest ranked variety La Trobe was the highest ranked malt variety Flinders = Granger but < La Trobe in 58% and 53% trials New imi-feed barley Spartacus CL > Scope CL in 84% trials La Trobe had most trials meet malt spec of all malt varieties Source: NVT Online
Rosalind yield (t/ha) Spartacus CL yield (t/ha) What is the longer term data telling us? 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 0 y = 0.9709x + 0.2845 R² = 0.9654 0 2 4 6 8 Hindmarsh yield (t/ha) 2 0 y = 1.0637x + 0.3747 R² = 0.9078 0 2 4 6 8 Scope CL yield (t/ha) Rosalind versus Hindmarsh 2014-2015 Rosalind Rosalind Rosalind lower same as higher 5% 60% 35% than Hindmarsh (% of 37 sites) Result: Rosalind Hindmarsh Spartacus CL versus Scope CL 2014-2015 Spartacus CL Spartacus CL Spartacus CL lower same as higher 3% 16% 81% than Scope CL (% of 37 sites) Result: Spartacus CL > Scope CL Source: NVT Online
Compass yield (t/ha) Flinders yield (t/ha) What is the longer term data telling us? 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 0 y = 0.9355x + 0.2308 R² = 0.9413 0 2 4 6 8 La Trobe yield (t/ha) 2 0 y = 0.9466x + 0.1986 R² = 0.9706 0 2 4 6 8 Granger yield (t/ha) Compass versus La Trobe 2012-2015 Compass Compass Compass lower same as higher 18% 63% 18% than La Trobe (% of 71 sites) Result: Compass = La Trobe Flinders versus Granger 2010-2015 Flinders Flinders Flinders lower same as higher 6% 76% 18% than Granger (% of 102 sites) Result: Flinders = Granger Source: NVT Online
Notes on newer malt barley varieties Bass Powdery mildew and barley leaf rust require fungicide management Selection rate as malt higher than any other malt variety Flinders Small segregation at Cranbrook to be used for international market development A positive outlook from Australian maltsters Flinders and Granger competing to replace Bass and Baudin, with both having better powdery mildew and leaf rust resistance than Bass and Baudin Granger Strong agronomic credentials including durable mlo resistance to powdery mildew No tonnage to date for international market development from WA Volume needed in 2016 to ensure segregations to allow market development La Trobe Will start to take over Hindmarsh s role as most popular variety in WA in 2016 Smut and STNB are major issues requiring good management International markets starting to recognise La Trobe as a malt barley
Notes on newer feed barley varieties Compass Malt accreditation delayed another year, earliest now 2018 Economics don t support growing in 2016 as it doesn t regularly out-yield La Trobe Rosalind (tested as IGB1302) Has 2 9% yield advantage over La Trobe across Agzones Yield advantage almost enough to justify growing, do the numbers for your area Oxford Increased virulence of NTNB on Oxford barley (& others) detected, more spraying?? CCDM suggesting virulence to Ml(St) mildew gene, may need to spray?? Spartacus CL (tested as IGB1334T) Registered for use with Intervix in 2016 Has 15 17% yield advantage over Scope CL (except Agzone 3) Treat seed with a good quality smuticide and watch for STNB Being assessed for its potential as a malt barley, accreditation target is 2018
Grain yield (t/ha) Grain yield (t/ha) Grain yield (t/ha) Want an April sowing wheat try barley! 8 7 6 5 4 3 Barley was 1.5+ t/ha higher yielding than wheat with mid-april planting Dandaragan - 2015 2 1 Barley Wheat 16-Apr 06-May Sowing date 26-May 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Katanning - 2015 Barley Wheat 1 16-Apr 06-May Sowing date 26-May 2 1 Barley Wheat 16-Apr 06-May Sowing date 26-May Barley varieties tested Bass, Baudin, Compass, Flinders, Granger, Lockyer, La Trobe, Maltstar, Oxford, Rosalind, Scope CL and Urambie Wheat varieties tested ADV08.0065, Bremer, Calingiri, Cutlass, Harper, LPB11-1728, Mace, Magenta, Trojan, Whistler, Yitpi and Zen 8 7 6 5 4 3 Gibson - 2015 Source: Brenda Shackley, Blakely Paynter, Christine Zaicou, Jeremy Curry and Raj Malik, DAFWA
Where to get more information? DAFWA-GRDC sowing guide, MyCrop Barley app, NVT Online and SAGI all provide interpretations of the available NVT data. Yield ranking by Agzone Agronomic traits Phenology PV-PLUS graphs Disease resistance Market demand Herbicide tolerance Variety fact sheets
Key Messages High seed rates are not your enemy, but low are Seed rate to optimise return varies by variety Since kernel weight changes so should kg/ha seed rate La Trobe is replacing Hindmarsh Rosalind and Spartacus CL will have an impact Look out for powdery mildew on Oxford and increased NTNB virulence in barley on south coast
GRDC Grains Research Update DAFWA barley agronomy team Northam: Blakely Paynter, Georgia Trainor, Sue Cartledge Katanning: Raj Malik, Rod Bowey Esperance: Jeremy Curry, Rachel Brunt Our research is supported by DAFWA with co-funding from the GRDC (DAW00224) Barley NVTs are supported by the GRDC