Groups of Elements * * Li He C N O 8 F 9 Ne 0 B Be H Al Si P S Cl Ar 8 K 9 Ca 0 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni 8 Cu 9 Zn 0 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 8 Y 9 Zr 0 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd 8 In 9 Sn 0 Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt 8 Au 9 Hg 80 Tl 8 Pb 8 Bi 8 Po 8 At 8 Rn 8 Fr 8 Ra 88 Rf 0 Db 0 Sg 0 Bh 0 Hs 08 Mt 09 Ce 8 Pr 9 Nd 0 Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er 8 Tm 9 Yb 0 Lu Th 90 Pa 9 U 9 Np 9 Pu 9 Am 9 Cm 9 Bk 9 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 00 Md 0 No 0 Lr 0 La Ac 89 * A A A A A A A A A 8A Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Transition metals Inner transition metals Boron group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Halogens Noble gases Hydrogen B B B B 8B B B A A A A A 8A B
Dmitri Mendeleev Russian Invented periodic table Organized elements by properties Arranged elements by atomic mass Predicted existence of several unknown elements Element 0 Dmitri Mendeleev
Li H He C N O 8 F 9 Ne 0 B Be H Al Si P S Cl Ar 8 K 9 Ca 0 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni 8 Cu 9 Zn 0 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 8 Y 9 Zr 0 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd 8 In 9 Sn 0 Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt 8 Au 9 Hg 80 Tl 8 Pb 8 Bi 8 Po 8 At 8 Rn 8 Fr 8 Ra 88 Rf 0 Db 0 Sg 0 Bh 0 Hs 08 Mt 09 Ce 8 Pr 9 Nd 0 Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er 8 Tm 9 Yb 0 Lu Th 90 Pa 9 U 9 Np 9 Pu 9 Am 9 Cm 9 Bk 9 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 00 Md 0 No 0 Lr 0 La Ac 89 * hydrogen alkali metals alkaline earth metals transition metals poor metals nonmetals noble gases rare earth metals http://www.elementsdatabase.com/
The Periodic Table Li He C N O 8 F 9 Ne 0 B Be H Al Si P S Cl Ar 8 K 9 Ca 0 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni 8 Cu 9 Zn 0 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 8 Y 9 Zr 0 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd 8 In 9 Sn 0 Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba * Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt 8 Au 9 Hg 80 Tl 8 Pb 8 Bi 8 Po 8 At 8 Rn 8 Fr 8 Ra 88 Y Rf 0 Db 0 Sg 0 Bh 0 Hs 08 Mt 09 Ce 8 Pr 9 Nd 0 Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er 8 Tm 9 Yb 0 Lu Th 90 Pa 9 U 9 Np 9 Pu 9 Am 9 Cm 9 Bk 9 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 00 Md 0 No 0 Lr 0 La Ac 89 * Lanthanides Y Actinides Noble gases Halogens Transition metals Alkaline earth metals Alkali metals 8 9 0 8 Uun 0 Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo 8
Periods Orbitals Being Filled Groups 8 s s s p s p s d p s d p s La d p s Ac d f f Lanthanide series Actinide series Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, orld of Chemistry 00, page
Metals and Nonmetals Li He C N O 8 F 9 Ne 0 B Be H Al Si P S Cl Ar 8 K 9 Ca 0 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni 8 Cu 9 Zn 0 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 8 Y 9 Zr 0 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd 8 In 9 Sn 0 Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt 8 Au 9 Hg 80 Tl 8 Pb 8 Bi 8 Po 8 At 8 Rn 8 Fr 8 Ra 88 Rf 0 Db 0 Sg 0 Bh 0 Hs 08 Mt 09 Ce 8 Pr 9 Nd 0 Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er 8 Tm 9 Yb 0 Lu Th 90 Pa 9 U 9 Np 9 Pu 9 Am 9 Cm 9 Bk 9 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 00 Md 0 No 0 Lr 0 La Ac 89 * METALS Nonmetals Metalloids
metallic character increases nonmetallic character increases Metallic Characteristic metallic character increases nonmetallic character increases
s d p s f * * Li H He C N O 8 F 9 Ne 0 B Be H Al Si P S Cl Ar 8 K 9 Ca 0 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni 8 Cu 9 Zn 0 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 8 Y 9 Zr 0 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd 8 In 9 Sn 0 Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt 8 Au 9 Hg 80 Tl 8 Pb 8 Bi 8 Po 8 At 8 Rn 8 Fr 8 Ra 88 Rf 0 Db 0 Sg 0 Bh 0 Hs 08 Mt 09 Ce 8 Pr 9 Nd 0 Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er 8 Tm 9 Yb 0 Lu Th 90 Pa 9 U 9 Np 9 Pu 9 Am 9 Cm 9 Bk 9 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 00 Md 0 No 0 Lr 0 La Ac 89 * Periodic Table
Electron Filling in Periodic Table s H s Li s Be s s s K s Rb s Cs s Fr Ca s Sr s Ba s Ra d Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn d Y * d Zr d Nb d Mo d Tc d Ru d Rh d d d d d d d 8 Hf Ta Re Os Ir d Rf d Db d Sg d Bh d Hs d Mt s s d d d d d d d 8 Pd d 0 Pt d 9 d 0 Ag d 0 Au f d 0 Cd p Hg d 0 d 0 p B C N O p Al p Ga p In p Tl p Si p Ge p Sn p Pb p p P p As p Sb p Bi S p Se p Te p Po p p p p H s F p Cl p Br p I p At p s He s Ne p Ar p Kr p Xe p Rn p * La d Ac d Ce f Th d Pr f Pa f Nd f U f Pm f Np f Sm f Pu f Eu f Am f Gd f Cm f Tb f 9 Bk f 8 Dy f 0 Cf f 0 Ho f Es f Er f Fm f Tm f Md f Yb f No f Lu f Lr f
Atomic Radii The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons.
Atomic Radii IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Li Be.. B C N O F 0.88 0. 0.0 0. 0. Al Si P S Cl.8.0...0.0 0.99 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br..9..... Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I....0... Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi..... = Angstrom
Ion An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge. Ions can be created, by either chemical or physical means, via ionization.
Ionic Radii Ionic radius is the radius of an atom's ion.
Atomic Ionic Radii IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Li + Be + Li Be B C N - O - F - F. 0.0. 0. 0.88 0.. 0.0.0 0.. 0. + + Al + Al Si P S - S Cl - Cl.8 0.9.0 0.. 0.0..0.8.0.8 0.99 K K + Ca Ca + Ga + Ga Ge As Se Se - Br -.. 0.99.9. 0....98..8. Rb Rb + Sr Sr +..8.. In + In Sn Sb Te Te - I -. 0.8.0..... Cs Cs + Ba Ba + Tl + Tl Pb Bi..9... 0.9.. = Angstrom
Ionization Energies Be 900 Al 8 Si 8 Ti 9 V Cr Mn Fe Co 0 Ni Cu Zn 90 Ga 9 Ge Nb Mo 8 Tc 0 Ag Cd 88 In 8 Sn 09 Sb 8 Ta 0 Re 0 Hg 00 Tl 89 Pb Bi 0 N 0 O F 8 Cl C 08 S 000 Br 0 I 008 9 K 9 Rb 0 Cs Ba 0 Fr Ra 09 H B 80 P 0 As 9 Se 9 Ru 0 Rh 0 Pd 80 Te 89 Os 89 Ir 88 Pt 88 Au 890 Po 8 At Period Actinide series Li 0 Ca 90 Sc Sr 0 Y 00 Zr 0 Hf 9 8 La 8 Ac 90 Lanthanide series * * y y Group 8 9 Ne 08 Ar Kr Xe 0 Rn 08 He Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd 9 Tb Dy Ho 8 Er 89 Tm 9 Yb 0 Lu Th 8 Pa 0 U 98 Np 00 Pu 8 Am 8 Cm 8 Bk 0 Cf 08 Es 9 Fm Md No Lr Ds Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuu Uuo 8 Symbol First Ionization Energy (kj/mol) 8 0
First Ionization Energies (in kilojoules per mole) H. He. Li 0. Be 899. B 800. C 08. N 0. O.0 F 8. Ne 080.8 9.9.8 Al. Si 8. P 0.8 S 999. Cl. Ar 0. K 8.9 Ca 89.9 Ga 8. Ge. As 9. Se 90. Br. Kr 0.8 Rb 0.9 Sr 9. In 8. Sn 08. Sb 8.8 Te 89.0 I 008. Xe 0. Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 98, page 88
First Ionization Energies (kj/mol) s p H. He. Li 0. Be 899. B 800. C 08. N 0. O.0 F 8. Ne 080.8 9.9.8 Al. Si 8. P 0.8 S 999. Cl. Ar 0. K 8.9 Ca 89.9 Ga 8. Ge. As 9. Se 90. Br. Kr 0.8 Rb 0.9 Sr 9. In 8. Sn 08. Sb 8.8 Te 89.0 I 008. Xe 0. Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 98, page 88
Ionization Energies (kj/mol) Element st nd rd th th th 98 0 90 90,00,00 0 0,00,00 8,000 Al 8 0,00,000 8,0 Si 8 0 0,00 9,800 P 0 890 90 90 0,00 S 000 0 90 890 Cl 9 80 0 0 90 Ar 9 Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 99, Heath, page 9 0 0 880 Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.
Be Beryllium Beryllium N me: Beryllium Symbol: Be Atomic Number: Atomic Mass: 9.08 amu Melting Point: 8.0 C (. K,. F) Boiling Point: 90.0 C (. K, 8.0 F) hat is Beryllium? Grey metallic element of group of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. ohler and A.A. Bussy in 88. Electron Configuration Be = s s
C Carbon Carbon N me: Carbon Symbol: C Atomic Number: Atomic Mass:.00 amu Melting Point: 00.0 C (. K,.0 F) Boiling Point: 8.0 C (00. K, 80. F) hat is Carbon? Carbon is a member of group of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon- is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements. Electron Configuration C = s s p
0 Ne Neon Neon N pslawinski, wikipedia.org me: Neon Symbol: Ne Atomic Number: 0 Atomic Mass: 0.9 amu Melting Point: -8. C (.999 K, -.8 F) Boiling hat Point: is Neon? -. C (.0999 K, -0.98 F) Colorless gaseous element of group 8 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.008% of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 898 by Sir illiam Ramsey and M.. Travers. Electron Configuration Ne = s s p
Cr Chromium Chromium N me: Chromium Symbol: Cr Atomic Number: Atomic Mass:.99 amu Melting Point: 8.0 C (0. K,. F) Boiling Link Point:.0 C (9. K, 8. F) hat is Chromium? Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating. Discovered in 9 by Vauquelin. Electron Configuration Cr = s s p s p s d
Radon Gas Radon gas occurs naturally from the radioactive decay of radium. Radium is found in small amounts in rock. Ra Rn + radiation Predicted fraction of homes over picocuries/liter radon
Magnesium.0 Atomic Mass amu melting point = silver gray metal used in flash bulbs, bombs,and flares 8 th most abundant element (.% of Earth s crust) lack of produces same biological effect as alcoholism (delirium tremens)