From US Army installation to Net Zero Energy community Bad Aibling and other examples Energy Efficient Technologies for Buildings and Communities Las Vegas, NV, January 26 28, 2011 Dr. Alfred Kerschberger RK-Stuttgart Architecture+Energy Design www.rkenergy.net B&O Energy Master Planning 1
Bad Aibling From military base to zero energy town Total area 170 acres = 70 hect. 3-Reich ReichGermanairbase air occupied by U.S.Army after WW II Radio communications and intelligence base 1,400 employees and residents 52 building complexes, 72,000 m 2 (~775 ksqft) usable area District heating system fuel oil Abandoned in 2004 Bought by B&O in 2006 B&O Energy Master Planning 2
Luftbild B&O Energy Master Planning 3
The project s goals Serve as a model project for the conversion of military bases Achieve a zero energy balance for fossil fuels (at least partly) Use innovative technologies and approaches Benefit from market advantage for the owner company B&O, one of Germany s leaders in energy efficiency retrofitting Energy Master Planning 4
First step: Review of the situation Inspection of buildings Inspection of heating supply system Inspection of heating plant B&O Energy Master Planning 5
Town planning Northern part mainly retrofitting -mostly residential areas - hotel, restaurants - school Krug&Partner Middle part mainly new buildings - small residential passive houses - residential 7-storey buildings in wood frame construction with prefabricated elements Southern part mainly retrofitting - offices - businesses, production facilities - sports facilities Energy Master Planning Folie 6 Krug&Partner
Ways to optimize buildings - Insulation 15-30 cm (6-12 in) thick - Windows with triple glazing - Ventilation systems with air heat recovery - Solar roofs - Highly efficient heating / hot water technology Schrag Lufttechnik Energy Master Planning 7
Energy standards for buildings New buildings: (15 40 kwh/m2a) (~5 13 Mbtu/sqft) Retrofitted buildings: (25 75 kwh/m2a) (~8 24 Mbtu/sqft) Mixture of standards: - simulates urban reality - allows gains in experience with cost / efficiency - showcases options for B&O customers Heating consumption standard for new buildings Germanys energy savings ordinance = 70 80 kwh/m2a = 22 26 Mbtu/sqft Energy Master Planning Folie 8 Schankula
Basic thoughts for heating supply plan Analysis of demand shows big differences in the system parameters for northern and southern part Northern part: High energetical quality of new buildings and retrofitted projects allows low supply temperatures of 50-55 C (120-130 F) and low energy density in the system. Southern part: Many unretrofitted buildings require higher supply temperatures and a higher temperature profile in the grid Separation of district heating grid into two systems (north and south supply system) Energy Master Planning 9
Northern Part Selected supply option Solar Central System - not yet fully implemented - - About 3,600 m 2 (39,000 sqft) solar collectors feeding the solar heat into the heating grid - 30 40 m 3 (8,000-10,000, gal) central solar storage tank - Heat pumps in every building to make better use of solar energy - Central woodchip heating 500 kw (1,7 Mil Btu/h) - Peak load heating with gas fired boiler Solar Thermal Storage Boiler Ce entral He eating System heat pump - Small water power station - 20,000 m 2 (215,000 sqft) Photovoltaik area in western part of the site Thermal Storage from power main or solar PV or water power heat pump GEF AG Energy Master Planning 10
winter summer 4 2 1 3 HP HP HP Energy Master Planning 11
Variante 4 Jahreslastgang mit Erzeugereinsatz 2000 Entnahme aus Gebäude-Pufferspeichern solarer Direktverbrauch in den Gebäuden Entnahme aus dem zentralen Netzspeicher Wärmepumpen Holzhackschnitzel-Spitzenkessel Holzhackschnitzel-Spitzenkessel 1800 1600 därenergie [kw Leistung Sekun 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Jahresstunden GEF Ingenieur AG RK-Stuttgart +++ Architektur und Energy Design Folie 12
Implementation 2008 /2009 B&O B&O Energy Master Planning 13
Implementation 2010 B&O (15,000 m 2 160 ksqft) B&O B&O Energy Master Planning 14
Implementation 2011 B&O HS Rosenheim - Central woodchip heat plant - Additional BIG central heat storage buffer tank - Retrofit of some more buildings - New 7 storey prefabricated wood house - Some smaller new passive houses - Solar decathlon house University of Rosenheim - More solar collector area - Monitoring system, start of 4 year monitoring project Energy Master Planning 15
Energy balances Northern area 2.500.000 2.000.000 1.500.000 1.000.000 500.000 0 kwh/a -500.000 000-1.000.000-1.500.000-2.000.000-2.500.000-3.000.000-3.500.000 000 15 buidlings with 26,800 m 2 (290 ksqft) usable area 3,600 m 2 (39 ksqft) solar collect. 15,000 m 2 (161ksqft) PV-modul. Primary energy consumption Without PV: 92 kwh/m 2 a = 29 Mbtu/sqft With PV: - 112 kwh/m 2 a = - 36 Mbtu/sqft Energy Master Planning 16
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Master plan Community Center, Biberach Mixed pattern of use, many retirement homes Owner: Public foundation Today: 10 buildings, total 15,000m 2 (161 ksqft) 2020: 16 buildings, total 28,000m 2 (300 ksqft) Targets: - Minimize energy consumption in all buildings - Carbon-emission neutral heating supply Energy Master Planning Folie 18
Demand side: Optimization of buildings. Example Bldg. 1 / retrofit - Outer wall: 16 cm insulation. Roof: > = 20 cm insulation - Windows: Highly efficient i double glazing (U-value < 12W/ 1.2 W/m2K) - Walls / ceilings between warm and cold rooms: > 8 cm insulation - Ventilation system, partly with air heat recovery - Maximum use of daylight, sophisticated t control system for artificial i light - Water-saving technologies in kitchens and bathrooms - Special measures to keep building cool in summer without air-condition Energy Master Planning 19
Retrofit +connect 14 Offices, school, kindergarten, small hospital, retirement homes, mental institution, normal dwellings New 17 Net internal Heating sum area m 2 MWh/a New 10 dem molish 18 19 New retrofit 12 2010 20,700 m 2 2,793 2015 22,400 m 2 2,630 demolish 18 2020 28,300 m 2 2,742 400.000 350.000 2008 connected 18 retrofit 18 Result 1: Heating system can be based on values for 2010 Result 2: High base load makes CHP unit most sensible MWh/month 300.000000 250.000 200.000 150.000000 100.000 50.000 0 Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez Energy Master Planning 20
Heating supply system: 6 options 1. Gas heating plant = basic reference point 2. Woodchip heating + gas boiler for peak load 3. Woodchip heating + gas-fired cogeneration + gas boiler for peak load 4. Woodchip heating + rapeseed oil-fired cogeneration+ gas boiler for peak load 5. Woodchip heating + wood gas-fired cogeneration + gas boiler for peak load 6. Woodchip heating + biogas-fired cogeneration + gas boiler for peak load Annual load duration curves Option 1: Gas heating Option 2: woodchip heating Option 5: woodchip h. + wood gas cogen. Calculations: Steinborn Energy Master Planning 21
Results We focus on woodchips heating + wood gas cogeneration Annual load duration curve shows high percentage of renewable energy usage Though investment costs are 1.3 million higher than a simple gasfired heating, ROI is only 8 to 12 years (using dynamic cost calculation). CO2-Emissions are 93 % less than of a normal, modern gas heating, 500 m 2 (5.4 ksqft) PV for neutral balance Energy Master Planning 22
The project in January 2011: -City administration is interested in zero CO 2 balance because of the project s model character - Application for an Eneff:Stadt project like Bad Aibling - Now waiting for administrative i ti approval to ensure public subsidies - Hopefully the project starts in spring 2011 Energy Master Planning 23
Energy Master Planning 24
City of Shouguang, Shandong, PR China GTZ- German international technical cooperation Shouguang: 350,000 000 inhabitants t Redevelopment of an old industrial zone (750 acres) The zone was in former times at the outside margin of the city, Nowadays the city has grown all around this production site Beijing Shouguang Quingdao Tasks: -Retrofit - New buildings - Energy masterplan - Infrastructure masterplan - rain water, sewage, garbage Energy Master Planning 25
Town planning Different alternatives Energy Master Planning 26 (The Planning and Design Institute of Shandong Province)
Chinese ideas for some components of the ecological concept NO HOLISTIC CONCEPT (The Planning and Design Institute of Shandong Province) Energy Master Planning 27
Shouguang study tasks: - Carry out a field survey - Analysis of energy demand and alternatives for supply - Develop an integrated t energy masterplan for macro and micro levell - Bring forward design concept for low energy and plus energy houses - Calculations on economics and on carbon emission - Introduction and discussion of all topics with the chinese partners, adopt chinese suggestions Energy Master Planning 28
Approaching a project Energy Master Planning 29
Step 1 Identify Targets Targets for reducing energy consumption (min max?) Functional improvements Higher standards (adjustment controls, more comfort) Repair building damage or technical deficits Modernize / upgrade of obsolete technical systems.. Energy Master Planning 30
Step 2 Identify framework conditions Budget (fixed?) Project participants, duties and responsibilities Time schedule Restrictions due to local ordinances, etc.. Energy Master Planning 31
Step 3 Review existing situation on project site and check potentials Review of existing situation, create baseline study Inventory of buildings, heating grid, heating plant Energy use characteristics of all components of the system Design town planning concept for retrofitting, demolishing, new buildings Assess available kinds of energy for supply Assess potential of available renewables (sun, water, wind, biomass) Energy Master Planning 32
Step 4 Look at energy needs for each bldg. Optimize building shells, ventilation, in door heating and hot water systems Solar potential of buildings Building areas, types of use, choose standards to be applied, profiles of heating demand, profiles for renewable energy potential Additionally: Save electricity by combining use of daylight with sophisticated artificial lighting systems Save electricity by reducing cooling load - shading, smaller indoor heat generation, optimized glazing - passive or hybrid cooling techniques Energy Master Planning 33
Saving electricity used for lighting Jakobiak Jakobiak Single office group office open plan office schoolrooms halls Electricity consumed by optimized lighting systems Energy Master Potential Planningfor saving by using daylight, energy-saving lighting and room occupancy sensors34
Saving electricity used for cooling - Passive night ventilation - Adiabatic cooling of hot supply air - Reducing inner heat loads - Use of phase-change materials IB Sick Energy Master Planning 35
Step 5 Select + optimize supply system Define basic options for heating supply systems Describe options in detail Model, simulate, evaluate options Select main plan and go into detailed design At the same time look at best use of renewable energy sources at supply system scale (Water power, solar energy, wind, biomass) Energy Master Planning 36
Solar heating ggrid with seasonal storage Total gross floor area 12,000 m 2 Solar collector area 1,600 m 2 Heating grid length 300 m Seasonal gravel-water storage tank 4,500 m 3 Natural gas fired boiler for peak load Heat pump 1,200 kw 60 kw Short time buffer storage tank 30 m 3 Solar heating share (planned) 35 % Gas boiler Source: Ingenieure Pfeil+Koch www.bine.info Energy Master Planning 37
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What can we reach easily today? Reduce building heating energy demand down to 10-20 % of original Reduce hot water heating demand d down to 30-50 % of original i Reach a solar share of 50 65 % for hot water and 15-20 % for building heating Reduce lighting energy demand down to 30-50 % of original Reduce cooling load down to zero (Central European climate) Reach a neutral CO 2 balance for heating and hot water by using sophisticated integrated systems (buildings, grid, heating plant) Save 60 to 80 % of fuel costs Energy Master Planning 39
What is still a challenge? Buildings / retrofitted projects with no heating demand at all 100 % heating of a neighborhood or district with solar collectors Wood fired cogeneration on a small scale, e.g. for detached houses Very short ROI-periods for ambitious projects to reduce energy consumption Buildings which are 100 % recycable task for the future. Energy Master Planning 40
Find more on: www.rkenergy.net net Dr. Alfred Kerschberger RK-Stuttgart Architecture + Energy Design Pflasteraeckerstrasse 88 D-70186 Stuttgart, Germany email: rk-stuttgart@t-online.de, web: www.rkenergy.net Energy Master Planning 41