Low-Hanging Fruit Simple Steps Toward Energy Effective Building Operations Roger Ebbage Northwest Water / Energy Education Institute Lane Community College May 7-9 Enzian Inn - Leavenworth, Washington
Why We do this Work! It is impossible to stress how important improving energy efficiency is and how great an impact it can have on mitigating climate change and reducing our energy bills now! It is truly the first fuel the energy source that costs the least to install, has no emissions, is in infinite supply, and can be generated with a flick of a finger. Thomas Friedman : Hot, Flat, and Crowded 2009
Dynamic Use Patterns in Buildings: UNDERSTANDING ENERGY USE CHARACTERISTICS IN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
amps kw Disassembling Patterns of the Whole Space temp Building 90 Space RH 80 70 Space 60 Temperature 50 Electric Demand Profile 40 sfamp(20)amp 390 385 380 30 7 6 375 370 365 360 355 350 345 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Peak kw 20 5 4 3 11/09/99 11/10/99 11/11/99 11/12/99 11/13/99 11/14/99 2 1 Date Month 0 02/18/99 02/19/99 02/20/99 02/21/99 02/22/99 02/23/99 02/24/99 Utility History Date HVAC Operation Energy End Use Split Other 2.5% Space Heat 0.0% Space Cool 6.1% Fans and Pumps 3.6% Hot Water 0.9% Refrigeration 53.5% Int. Lighting 33.2% Ext. Lighting 0.2% Energy End Use Split 5
amps Patterns in Energy Analysis Measure Actual Energy Use (Identify Pattern) Determine Required Use (Evaluate Pattern) fan amps/20amp 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 01/22 00:00 01/22 06:00 01/22 12:00 01/22 18:00 01/23 00:00 Date, 1999 Compare the Difference (Modify Pattern) 6
Defining Commercial Buildings Commercial Buildings What Are They? How To Define? Energy Use Index (EUI) Energy End Use Splits Use/Load Patterns (Function) Measure (continuously) and Manage 7
Calculating an EUI Energy Use Index 1. Sum Annual Energy Use 2. Convert to Common Unit (BTU) 3. Divide by Area, square footage 4. BTU/ft 2 -year 1st Insurance Center office at 88,777 ft 2 All Electric at 4,838,000 kwh/yr 4,838,000 kwh x 3413 Btu/kWh = 16,507,256,000 BTU/year EUI = 16,507,256,000 BTU / 88,777 ft 2 = 185,940 BTU/ft 2 -year or 186 kbtu/ft 2 -yr 8
Energy End Use Splits Estimating Energy End Uses 1. Separate fossil fuel & electricity 2. Calculate EUI 3. Compare to typical statistics from CBECs 4. Break into end uses Space heating Space cooling Interior lighting Plug loads Fans and pumps Potable water heating Refrigeration Elevators Exterior lighting Other (kitchen, process, etc.) 9
Seasonal Use Patterns 1. Separate Fuels 2. Plot Monthly Use 3. Establish Annual Baseline 4. Identify Seasonal End Uses 5. Identify Unusual Monthly Variations Fuel Use Profiles 10
kwh kw Fuel Use Profiles Electrical Profile 500,000 900 450,000 800 400,000 700 350,000 600 300,000 500 250,000 400 Energy, kwh Demand, kw 200,000 150,000 300 100,000 200 50,000 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Period 11 0
therms Fuel Use Profiles Natural Gas Use Profile Gas Use, therms 10000.0 9000.0 8000.0 7000.0 6000.0 5000.0 Gas Use, therms 4000.0 3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Period 12
LCC Energy Utilization Index Lane Community College Energy End Use Breakdown Building Area (SF) Electric Use (MMBTU/ Yr) Gas Use (MMBTU/Yr) EUI (KBTU/SF-Yr) Administration 16735.000 1440.997 1532.723 177.695 Air Tech 31778.000 650.587 5601.476 196.742 Apprenticeship 38393.000 2629.971 3202.711 151.920 Apprenticeship Annex 11240.000 348.712 10.232 31.934 Auto Tech 41200.000 558.612 2412.315 72.110 Business 18785.000 1828.071 2262.442 217.754 Center 161934.000 8051.950 3399.761 70.718 Electronics 15921.000 1247.420 1288.206 159.236 Forum 39361.000 2547.056 2484.898 127.841 Health Tech 49322.000 2849.965 3001.785 118.644 Industrial Tech 18879.000 1683.971 2204.595 205.973 Machine Tech 66601.000 3606.122 957.255 68.518 Math and Art 39924.000 3210.627 220.512 85.942 Performing Arts 26469.000 3368.078 268.560 137.392 Physical Ed 69084.000 2043.946 6545.272 124.330 Science 26329.000 2551.235 235.404 105.839 Campus Service 26194.000 2723.358 186.852 111.102 Site Lighting - 285.322 - - Campus Wide 698149.000 41626.000 35814.999 110.923
Defining Commercial Buildings Elementary Schools Energy Use Index & Energy End Use Split Space Heat: 20,950 Btu/sq.ft-year Interior Lighting: 9,500 Btu/sq.ft.-year Potable Hot Water: 4,800 Btu/sq.ft.-year Fans & Pumps: 3,800 Btu/sq.ft.-year Plug Loads: 2,800 Btu/sq.ft.-year 14
Defining Commercial Buildings Middle Schools Energy Use Index & Energy End Use Split Space Heat: 27,100 Btu/sq.ft.-year Interior Lighting: 12,300 Btu/sq.ft.-year Potable Hot Water: 6,200 Btu/sq.ft.-year Fans & Pumps: 4,900 Btu/sq.ft.-year Plug Loads: 3,600 Btu/sq.ft.-year 15
Defining Commercial Buildings High Schools Energy Use Index & Energy End Use Split Space Heat: 35,400 Btu/sq.ft-year Interior Lighting: 16,100 Btu/sq.ft.-year Cooling: 6,500 Btu/sq.ft.-year Fans & Pumps: 6,400 Btu/sq.ft.-year Miscellaneous 5,700 Btu/sq.ft.-year 16
Defining Commercial Buildings Super Markets Energy Use Index & Energy End Use Split Refrigeration: 43,800 Btu/sq.ft-year Space Heat: 37,500 Btu/sq.ft.-year Interior Lighting: 19,600 Btu/sq.ft.-year Space Cooling: 8,600 Btu/sq.ft.-year Fans & Pumps: 7,800 Btu/sq.ft.-year 17
Defining Commercial Buildings Other Building Types Energy Use Index Hospitals: 222,000 Btu/sq.ft-year Motels: 64,000 Btu/sq.ft.-year Fast Food Restaurants: 450,000 Btu/sq.ft.-year Department Stores: 61,000 Btu/sq.ft.-year Warehouses: 25,000 Btu/sq.ft.-year 18
Energy Star Portfolio Manager Commercial Building Energy 19
Energy Star Portfolio Manager Commercial Building Energy 20
Energy Star Portfolio Manager Commercial Building Energy 21
Energy Star Portfolio Manager Commercial Building Energy 22
Statement of Energy Performance
Defining Commercial Buildings Energy Use Patterns Most Complex Sector Each Building is Unique Efficiency Opportunities are Plentiful 24
O&Ms Motors & Drives Digital Controls Lighting Energy Reduction Opportunities: THE BIG FOUR WE LL DISCUSS O&M
Operations and Maintenance (O&M) O&Ms Improvements Evaluate Actual Operation vs. Needed Operation Adjust Equipment Schedules Adjust Control Setpoints Occupant Education / Behavior Modification Turn It Off Turn It Down Fix Broken Equipment Maintain Savings 26
Adjust Equipment Schedules Fan Schedules Actual (via Datalogging) On: 5:30 AM Off: 9:15 PM Intended On: 6 AM Off: 5 PM Savings Fan energy Heating energy (ventilation) Cooling plant energy 27
amps Adjust Fan Schedules 50 FanAmps(50) Intended 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hours, 05/13/02-05/13/02 28
F F F amps Check % of Outside Air 45.0 SF amps 65% OSA 40.0 60 MA temp 50 48 40 70 Ra temp 64 60 80 60 40 OSA temp 39 20 01/09 18:00 01/10 00:00 01/10 06:00 01/10 12:00 01/10 18:00 01/11 00:00 01/11 06:00 01/11 12:00 Date, 1996 Temp ra Temp ma Temp ra - Temp osa 29
Turn it Off Computers Occupant Education Monitor off when out of office for longer than 15 minutes. Computer and monitor off over night and on weekends. Lights When out of office for longer than 15 minutes. Overnight and on weekends. De-lamp in over-lit areas like hallways Commercial Building Energy Analysis 30
amps amps amps amps 16.0 Turn Off Computers Phase C Lights Turn off computers and save 60,000 kwh/yr! 15.0 50 Phase A Recept 0 100 Phase B Recept 0 50 45 40 35 Phase C Recept 02/01/00 02/02/00 02/03/00 02/04/00 02/05/00 02/06/00 02/07/00 Date Unoccupied receptacle load = 13.2 kw (80% of occupied) Occupied receptacle load = 16.4 kw Commercial Building Energy Analysis 31
Plug Load Trends and Energy Use
Plug Load Energy Use Trends 35 Source: Graph created by Ecova with data from EIA 2008 Annual Energy Outlook
Tune / Adjust Systems Delamping Actual (Measured) 120 fc Required 40 to 60 fc Savings Delamp to 2-lamps Lighting energy 37
Fix Broken Equipment Replace Broken Valve 15 gpm flow Out overflow drain Water & sewer savings 38
Issues Operations and Maintenance Improvements Instant Payback (no first cost) Need to Understand Occupant Needs Sometimes Hard to Maintain Savings over Time Establish Energy Conservation User Group Appoint Resource Conservation Manager Track Savings Communicate Results to Management and Occupants Commercial Building Energy Analysis 39
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