1760-1910
The Industrial Revolution Biggest change in human lifestyles since the development of farming during the Neolithic Revolution!!! (New Stone Age) It will all begin with an Agricultural Revolution New ways of planting and growing crops were introduced during the 1700 s.
Crop rotation, the seed drill, and new fertilizers enable fewer farmers to produce far more food.
THE ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT Rich landowners bought land off village farmers and enclosed it with fences and/or hedges. Open land and common land was also sold and divided.
IMPACT OF THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: Crop yields improved 300% 1700-1850 Wealthy farmers control the land, many people lose farms and jobs A large part of the population begin to move to the cities in search of jobs (urbanization) The combination of an increased food supply and urbanization, a population explosion began, especially in cities
A POPULATION EXPLOSION IN ENGLAND There was more food produced using less farmers and less land! Food surplus Improved diets Better health Lower death rate Increased population Population Figures: 1750 approx. 5 million 1800 approx. 10 million 1850 approx. 20 million Growing cities
The Industrial Revolution begins in England Stable government and society Available resources (iron and coal) Supply of urban workers (urbanization) Many colonies, provide capital (money!) and resources as well as markets for products
Inventions Spur Technological Advances: Britain s textile (cloth) industry would be the first to be transformed. By 1800, several inventions had modernized the cotton industry. 1733 John Kay 1779 1764 Flying Samuel James Shuttle Crompton Hargreaves 1769 Spinning Spinning Richard Mule Jenny Arkwright 1787 Edmund Cartwright - Combined Water the features Frame Power Loom of the A shuttle sped back and forth on wheels. The flying shuttle, a A spinning wheel used to boat-shaped piece of wood to weave Used spinning water-power jenny and yarn. It allowed from the water a rapid which frame Run yarn by was attached, spinner streams to water-power. make to work to drive thread Sped 8 threads spinning that was up at a doubled stronger the work weaving. a weaver time. wheels. and finer. could do in a day.
1765 James Watt Steam Engine Need for a cheap, convenient source of power was met with the invention of the steam engine.
New energy sources were found that would help work new machines and inventions. A. Traditionally, and labor were used to do work. Wind human water animal B. and had been used to move wheels that would then move machine parts in mills. coal C. Then, was discovered to burn hotter and longer than wood and was used to create steam that would then be compressed in engines in order to move parts of machinery such as rotors or levers. D. Henry Bessemer discovered that coal could be used to heat mineral ore and remove the iron. Then he discovered that smelting coal and iron made. steel This became known as the. Bessemer process
An Energy Revolution Human/Animal power Water/Wind power Steam Power Electrical Power and Internal Combustion Engine
Key Industrial Resources: Early Industrial Revolution: Iron and Coal Iron: used to build machines, railroads. Late Industrial Revolution: Steel and Electricity Coal: burned to purify iron ore and produce steam.
New Production Methods Increased rate of production and made products less expensive!!! Interchangeable parts Assembly Line
Trains, steamships, automobiles, telegraphs, telephones all helped the world seem like a smaller place.
Steam Ship
Later Locomotives
Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport material and finished products. Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners. The railroads boosted England s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities. By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to take distant city jobs.
Factory Work and Urban Factory work: Slums repetitive, boring, very dangerous 12-16 hour days no job protection or compensation no minimum wage no child labor laws Women and children paid far less than men
Children At Work
Girl at Weaving Machine in Textile Mill
View Of Spinning Room
Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms Over 1 million workers
Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
Children in Coal Mines
Living Conditions in Industrial Cities: People migrated to cities looking for work, especially unemployed farmers due to the Enclosure Acts (Urbanization) Cities became more common and far more populated Cities were dirty and dangerous. There was a lack of sanitation laws, no fire or police departments, no running water
City Life for the Working Class
ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND MEDICINE: Antiseptics (kill germs, disinfects) Anesthesia (stops pain) Pasteurization (wine, juice, milk) Vaccinations (prevents virus based illnesses) These discoveries, along with increased food production, lead to an increase in life expectancy
Advances in scientific knowledge Louis Pasteur Discover of Germs = sanitary regulations Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution Survival of the Fittest Sigmund Freud Theories of the human subconscious
RESULTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Change in Social Structure Capitalist Upper Class: - used their money to buy and build factories and run large businesses New Middle Class: - Professionals, investors, merchants-they were financially stable, educated, and they wanted to become upper class The New Working Class: - Lowly, unskilled, mechanical, poor, uneducated
RESULTS CONTINUED Labor movements: Goal was to provide better wages and working conditions for working class Workers organized into labor unions and threatened to strike Eventually, laws limiting child labor, shorter working hours, and safer working conditions were introduced
New Ideas About Society Capitalism: private ownership of property and the means of production, emphasis on making profit (Laissez Faire) Socialism: people as a whole (society) own property and businesses Communism: form of socialism that believed class struggle was unavoidable
Karl Marx Saw history as a continuing class struggle between the wealthy mid and upper classes and the working lower classes. (the Have s vs. the Have Not's) Marx wrote Communist Manifesto in 1848- predicted an international proletariat (working class) revolution. Marx failed to foresee the improved standard of living for workers, he also underestimated the power of nationalism. Marx disliked Capitalism because the Rich get Richer and the Poor get Poorer!