A Study On Some Physico - Chemical Characteristics Water Of Major Rivers In Pune City Of Flowing Abstract: - D.G. Kanase*, S.D. Jadhav**, R.W. Jawale**, M.S. Kadam** * Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Yashwantrao Mohite College, Pune 41lO38. ** Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering, Pune 41lO43. (Department of Engineering Science) / A Physico- Chemical monitoring of major rivers in pune was done during the month of June and July 2005. In Pune city there are three major rivers named Mula, Mutha and Pavana. For this assessment six sampling points were selected from Kharakvasla (Mutha River) to Sangavi (Pavana River) and the samples were collected along the course of rivers. The analysis was carried out for the parameters namely ph, Acidity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate and Phosphate. In many places the continuous discharge of industrial ejjluents and sewage are being discharged into the rivers; Which probably exceeds the assimilative capacity of environment; leads to accumulation of pollutants on ground water and soils. The results obtained in this investigations revealed that the discharge of untreated industrial ejjluents and sewage have contributed considerable pollution in the rivers Mula, Mutha and Pavana; hence the water of these rivers is unsafe for consumption or human use and needs preventive action. Key words:-mula-mutha river; Water pollution; Industrial effluents; Domestic sewage; Agricultural run-off. Introduction:- The entire pune city is covered by three rivers "Mula-Mutha and Pavana." Mutha river flows from kharakvasla dam towards pune city. At 14 km. Away from kharak:vasla dam towards pune city another river meets to Mutha river and that is Mula river which comes from Mulshi dam towards pune city and a place where Mula-Mutha meets is called as "Sangam Bridge." Pavana river comes from Pavana dam towards pune and meets Mula river at Dapodi Pavana river covers the Pimpri - Chinchawad Muncipal Corporation area as well as the rural area. All the three rivers are covering the rural area of pune in the initial stage hence it receives agricultural run-off in a large proportion, the disposal of waste, burning of fossil fuels, discharge of domestic wastes, hospitals and industrial effluents from small and large scale industries which are located at the bank of the rivers (Hem; J.D; 1990)Hence the water of these rivers is unsafe for human consumption. This pollution also create unhygienic and unaesthetic conditions at the bathing ghats. This study has been carried out to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of these rivers. Materials and Methods: - A major area of interest in studies of stream water quality is the evaluation of trends over time in certain constituent concentrations that can be attributed to human activities. 1
Many causes of water pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients, (such as nitrites (N03), sulphates (S04--), and phosphates (P04-3 ). If added in excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these type of organisms consequently clogs our waterways. Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, wash of plowed, construction and logging sites, urban areas and eroded riverbanks when it rains. Pollution in the form of organic matter enters waterways in many different ways as sewage, leaves and grass clipping. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottom dwelling animals cannot survive when dissolved oxygen drops bellow two or five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers to disruptions in the food chain causing "Eutrophication.". For this study the area is confined to stretch of rivers Mula, Mutha, and Pavana. Mula river receives heavy loads of agricultural run-off through non- point sources. Mutha river since it passes through the city of Pune receives heavy loads of domestic sewage which is organic and it is a waste of biological oxygen demand. Pavana river is the one which is more concerned with industrial effluents from small and large scale industries. Beside that, receives large amount of domestic sewage from municipality sewers and slum areas. From all the three rivers, sampling stations were selected to give a reasonable comparison of rivers quality in pune and its suburbs. For the present study eight sampling stations have been considered which are as follows: Table I Station ame of the sam tin station Vitthalwadi ( Mutha River) Sangam Bridge(Mutha River) Holkar Bridge ( Mutha River) Phule nagar Eravada (mula River) Band garden (mula - Mutha ) Koregaon park ( Mula-Mutha) Sanghvi (pavana River) Chinchwad Cause ay (pa ana Ri er) Experimental: - The water samples were collected in the month of June and July 2005 (First Week). The samples were of grab or catch samples and collected in sterilized bottles using the standard procedure in accordance with the standard method of American Public Health Association (1995). Spectrophotometer (Digital Systronic Range 340 to 960 u/m) was used for analysis and chemicals used were of analytical grade. 2
Table II Parameters and methods employed in the chemical examination of water samples Sr. No. Parameters of water analysis Methods l. Odor Smelling 2. Temperature Thermometric 3. ph Potentiometric 4. D.O. Azide modification 5. RO.D. Azide modification 6. C.O.D. Dichromate reflux 7. IDS Argentiometric 8. Chloride Gravimetric 9. Sulphate Spectrophotometric 10. Phosphate Spectrophotometric 11. Nitrate Spectrophotometric 12. Calcium Titrimetric 13. Magnesium Titrimetric Table III Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Mula - Mutha and Pavana River Sr Parameters No Sl S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 L Temperature 30 28 28 30 28 31 31 30 2. ph 8.9 6.7 7.9 9.2 8.1 9.3 7.5 8.6 3. D.O. 5.15 3.6 4.1 6.4 3.7 3.2 3.5 5.16 4. RO.D. 32 48.7 105 32 46 64 101 46 5. C.O.D. 573 412 471 389 403 421 543 467 6. Chloride 49.72 42.79 65.60 71.30 51.42 51.39 49.48 61.72 7. Sulphate 34.04 15.78 26.56 12.78 16.70 19.50 24.87 15.65 8. Phosphate 4.1 2.1 3.2 2.8 4.1 3.9 1.8 2.6 9. itrate 18.5 15 14.5 15.2 13.1 17.2 17.4 17.1 10. Calcium 35.06 32.46 31.06 36.85 33.45 29.8 26.91 18.03 II. Magnesium 10.79 9.3 7.11 16.7 10.3 18.2 8.57 6.32 Results and discussion:- The results obtained at the above mentioned sampling stations are given in the observation table. It was found that the maximum temperature of water was at the sampling points S6 and S7 and minimum temperature was at point S2, S3 and S4. The various chemical and biological reactions in water depend to a great extent on temperature. The observed values of temperature at these sampling points indicate that the water quality would be certainly affected by these values. ph of water varies from 6.7 to 9.3 showing somewhat alkalinity. It is well known that ph of water does not cause any severe health hazard. 3
v.o. is the important parameter in assessing water quality and ret1ects the physical and biological processes, prevailing in the water. A good water should have the solubility of oxygen':", 7.6 and 7.0 mg/l at 30 C and 35 c respectively (Kudesia 1985). Oxygen saturated water have pleasant taste. The DO of these rivers ranges from 3.6 to 6.4 mg/i. The maximum permissible value of COD is 10 mg/l for drinking water" (De 1985) This parameter is beyond the limit for all these rivers. These high values indicate that these rivers water is rich either with respect to some dissolved organic compounds or oxidisable inorganic substances. The chloride and nitrate contents of these river water are not objectionable/.these amounts will not alter any taste to water. The amounts present do not exceed the maximum permissible limit. i. e 500 mg/l for drinking water prescribed by WHO I4. The desirable limit of sulphate in drinking water prescribed by ICMR is 200-400 mg/l. All the water samples collected from the river gives the lesser values so far presence of sulphate is concerned. The values of phosphate concentration are in the range of 1.8 to 4.1 mg/l. The desirable limit of phosphate in drinking water prescribed by WHOl4 is 5 mg/l. The overall results of the present study indicate that in Mutha river the major cause of pollution is the population density and obviously the discharge of domestic sewage from point and non-point sources. The industrial effluents also contribute to its population load. Mula river which receives, lesser amount of domestic and industrial waste, but more of agricultural run-off stays the lesser polluted one among these rivers. The Pavana river besides domestic sewage; receives enormus amount of industrial wastes with a high physico-chemical characteristics, which makes it to be another polluted river next to Mutha river. Acknowledgement :- The authors are thankful to the Hon. Dr. Shivajirao Kadam and Principal K.D.Jadhav for constant encouragement and facilities provided. References: - 1. A. Agarwal; S.Narain and S. Sen; The Citizens Fifth Report; Center for science and Environment; Part I; 100 (1999). 2. Addiscott; T. M; A.P. Whitmore and D.S. Powlsom Farming Fertilizers and the nitrate problem; CAB;Wallingford;199l. 3. Annual report ofphed, Rajasthan, 1991,Hem.J.D. 1990. 4. A.K.De, The Saga of the Damodar River. Jlndian Chem. Soc,62, 1038(1985) 5. Gupta S.C. and C.P. Varshne;J.Indian Water Works Association 6. Mehta G;Prabhu; S.M.Kantawala; D.J.IAEM 1995;22 (3);276-287. 7. Praveen Kumar Tarnrakar and K.S. Pitre, Journal laem, 28, 25-28, 200l. 8. R.K.Trivedi; Assessment of water quality of some Indian Rivers based on factor analysis. 9. Samiksha Chaturvedi; Dineshkumar and R.V.Sing; Vol.7 (3) sept. (2003) Res. j.chem.environ. 10. Sharma,D.K, J.P.Jangir, C.P.S.Chandel and C.M.Gupta, J.lndian Water Works Association.jfi'Z; 1988. 4
11. Standard Methods For Examination Of Water and Waste. zo" ed; American Public Health Association, Washingaton;D.C.I995. 12. Viessam; D.R. and LM. Abdul- Majjid. Handbook of Waste Water Reclamation and Reuse. CRS Press Inc. P.550.I995. 13. V.P. Kudesia, Water pollution. Pragati Prakashan, Meerut(1985) 14. WHO; Guidelines For Drinking Water Quality.Z'" Edition (1996) 8 r--- 6 D.O. 500 -----, 400 -_.- 4 -+-0.0. 300 700 600 ~1-- 200 S1 S2 S3 54 S5 S6 S7 S8 100 0 I a.o.o 1 +---------- C.O.D. i IF tent of D.O. at various samnlinz. stations. / ~ 2)Extent of BOD,COD. at various stations. 4)Extent of Chloride at various stations 80.,------------,--. 704----~~------- 604---~--~---~~ ~~~~------~~~~-- 40 4--~---------- 30 +-----------------'--: 204------------- 10+------------------- O+-~-~_.-. r-._ii_, 1-'-Chloride I 5
40;------ --------------~ 3) ~ 10 O~.--~----~----~--~ S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Sf S8 -'-- --.-.----.---------~ caciutl 20~~----------~----~ I r ---- --, -+- caciutl' p 5)Extent of Calcium at 6)Extent of Nitrate at various stations. 10 +---------i I-+-Ni1rate1 5+-----------~~----~ vanous sampling stations. 20..,...~---~------..., 15 10 +"'''''''''-~-~---'l~--\.' 5 o.l-...,----r-_-:---_--~ S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 7)Extent of Magnesium at various stations. Phosphate 5 'r---~----~----~--~ 4 3 2, 1 O..L-...,.------~~ S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 ---------------------------------,------'" L~ Phosphat=-. 8)Extent of Phosphate at various sampling stations. 6
.. - ~,,? I,Al1r-f::..-..---::------:--------_ -.,.--- J~x..;ider 30 2If 10 0 - -- 700 600 SOO 400 300 200 100 o - - - -- "--! ~ I I I I I w- I- BoOoOol C.O.D. 7
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 o <, /' ~ ~.... <, <«/ I I-+-Nitrate I,.-- 8