Innovative Sanitation Concepts The German Experience Moataz Shalabi & Ralf Otterpohl Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection Hamburg University of Technology Drawbacks of the current sanitation systems Typically 70 to 90% of investment in wastewater systems goes into transport only, WWTPs in most situations are incapable of high degree of reuse, Many micro-pollutants go through WWTPs.
Volume L/(P*year) Yearly Loads kg/(p*year) Greywater 25.000-100.000 Flushwater can be saved 6.000-25.000 Urine ~ 500 Feaces ~ 50 (option: add biowaste) Nitrogen ~ 4-5 ~ 3 % ~ 87 % ~ 10 % Phosphorus ~ 0,75 ~ 10 % ~50 % ~ 40 % Potassium ~ 1,8 ~ 34 % ~ 54 % ~ 12 % COD (organic) ~ 30 ~ 41 % ~ 12 % ~ 47 % S, Ca, Mg and trace Treatment Treatment Biogas-Plant elements Composting Reuse / Water Cycle Fertiliser Soil-Conditioner Geigy, Wiss. Tabellen, Basel 1981, Vol. 1, LARSEN and GUJER 1996, FITSCHEN and HAHN 1998 Three possible ways to realize these concepts 1. Vacuum system for black water, 2. Urine separation system, 3. Black water cycle.
T Biowasteshreder Vacum-toilet - Vacumpipe ransportofblackwater Vakum-toilete andbiowastes tormwaterinfiltrationinswales Centralte Greywatertreatminconstructedwetl 1.Vacuum system for black water Ecological Settlement Luebeck-Flintenbreite Double-Houses Terraced Houses 1.Vacuum system for black water Peri-Urban Settlement Lübeck-Flintenbreite (design 250 inhabitants) Vacuum-Biogas-System for Blackwater plus Biowaste Otterwasser GmbH, Lübeck www.otterwasser.de
1.Vacuum system for black water Vacuum-Toilet 0.7 litres/flush Vaccum-Technology: Roediger, Hanau 1.Vacuum system for black water to digester Vacuum Pumping Station for Blackwater Sanitisation of Blackwater and biowaste Bio-Waste Inlet and Grinder
Greywater treatment: Constructed wetland / Bio-sandfilter vertical flow, subsurface, sand 0-4mm 2m² per capita (cold climate, else less) Lübeck-Flintenbreite, Germany Clean effluent,low in nutrients
1.Vacuum system for black water Experience & acceptance Malfunctions in the beginning (granulates from cats toilet, paper, sanitary towels etc.), Flush button had malfunctions at the beginning => Exchange of the modules. Modifications done by the producer from the experience, Time for maintenance for 30 units: ca. 1 h per week, Noise was a concern in the beginning but modern units are not louder than conventional toilets, A number of residents see vacuum toilets as being even more hygienic, As an overall result of a questionnaire, it can be emphasized that the residents are satisfied with the vacuum toilet system. 2.Urine separation system Gustavsberg Sorting-Toilet
2.Urine separation system DeSa/R with separation Storage tanks Implementation in HUBER administration building that was newly built for 200 employees Storage tanks Yellow Water Brownwater Greywater in the construction phase in use 2.Urine separation system Urine containers and precomposters for 106 flats and a school in Linz, Austria Reserach project of Linz AG, Water and Power Utility of the city
2.Urine separation system Settlement Palsternackan, Sweden Urine-Sorting Toilets and Yellow Water collection in urban social housing. The urine is stored and transported by vacuum-truck to agriculture 51 appartements, 160 residents Urine separating tanks. Polyethylene pipe systems. Three urine holding tanks Three urine storage tanks. Plasternackan wastewater treatment system Storage facility for human urine 2.Urine separation system Tank trucks transporting urine Urine application technique
3.Black water cycle Toilet wastewater is not wasted but treated for reuse as toilet flushwater, Treatment with MBR plus ozonisation including nitrification assures high quality, This system can solve the hygienic and pollution risk from hospital effluents (they usually emit to the sewerage system that is open to the environment through stormwater overflows and inadequate treatment in conventional plants), Technically complex, operation and maintenance have to be organised and financed 3.Black water cycle toilet flushing water made from toilet flush Hospital option: inc. ash, or biogas & compost option: biowaste evaporation mineral fertiliser black water treatment toilets, urinals blackwater urine & faeces HOTEL INTAQUA TM AG Integrated water management Patented: Ulrich Braun
Blackwater Loop Research unit at TUHH MBR INTAQUA TM AG Integrated water management Solids separation Future Water Management for new development and major reconstruction Rainwater infiltration, Greywater treatment with MBR, infiltration (adapt household chemicals) Tapwater production through RO (drinking possible, else sourcewater), Micro-Fertiliser factory from toilets / biowaste Costs can be significantly lower if no central system is in place