Perspectives for Food 2030 Brussels, April 17.th and 18.th 2007 Future Fish- full chain future fish farm concepts and coming reality Dr. Karl A Almås President, Norway 1
Global fish production (mill. tons, FAO 2006) Production Use 200 180 160 140 200 180 160 140 120 120 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 20 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 Wild capture Aquaculture Food fish production Non-food use 2
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Access to land and water Little land available, especially in Asia, the main producer Transfer form agriculture to aquaculture (rice and sugar has failed) Integration into farming systems Shrimp farming, mangroves are protected Intensification of land based production is one strategy but cost increases. (need investments) Unavailability of freshwater Use of fresh water for aquaculture is regarded as waste compared to agriculture Anyway; Land based aquaculture expands, but access to clean water is a limiting factor. New way to meet this; Marine Aquaculture: No water and area restriction, but need of capital. 4
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China 6
Vietnam 7
Thank you for your attention! 8
Access to adequate feed Can be a critical constraint. Irregularity has caused problems in Africa and Asia. Fish meal and oil. Mixed feelings? Expected to increase in aqua feed Meal, 5% increase 2.87-3.02 million tons, 2002-2012 Oil, 17 % increase 0.87-0,97 million tons, 2002-2012 More efficient feeding is expected Difficult to predict because of import to China Trash fish 5-6 million tons are used directly in South East Asia and China Not sustainable. Could be used for fish humans directly. Looking for suitable alternatives Vegetable and terrestrial sources (soy protein, soy oil) Harvesting at lower levels in the food web Production of bio proteins by conversion of natural gas (Single cell protein and lipid) Most promising: Changing to omnivore/herbivore finfish and crustaceans, total replacement of fishmeal. 9
Total aquatic primary production 137.000 Mt (dry weight) Global capture 123 Mt Fish Plants 8 % needed to sustain capture fisheries, seaweed and aquaculture 10
One example from The North Atlantic: Harvesting zooplankton Calanus finmarchicus Annual production: 300 mill tons Rauåte (Calanus finmarchicus) (Foto: Dag Altin, BioTrix) 10 % applied on a higher level in the food web Fiskeriaktivitet (Oljedir / St.meld. nr. 8 2005-2006). 11
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Greater capitalization, new technology Capital intensive: Attracted to high priced fish species Change from labour intensive to capital intensive Change to high price species Offshore aquaculture Expansion of marine fish production in Asia Sea cage culture of milkfish replacing brackish water in Philippines Legal basis for offshore aquaculture in US High potential world wide ( Asia, Pacific, North and Latin America, Europe, West and Southern Africa) Enclosed systems Access to capital will be a limiting factor. Challenge to develop this in developing countries. Increasing foreign investments. Investment Operating cost Insurance, more risk 13
Development of open cage technology 14
Offshore aquaculture vision 16
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Automatic of fish processing (robotics) 18
Transfer of Competence: Oil-fish-oil-fish-oil-fish-oil-fish-oil-fish. 1960-1970: Fish ------> Oil Maritime and coastal some competence (shipping, industry, ports) formed the basis for development of the oil/gas sector. 1980-1990: Oil -------> Fish Competence from construction of offshore installations formed the basis for new types of fish farms. 2000-2010: Fish--------> Oil Utilisation of scrapped offshore platforms Utilisation of fish resources prior to, under and a field development. 2000- : Oil -------> Fish Subsea installations for creating upwelling conditions 19
Environmental factors Intensification have increased environmental challenges Water quality Fish health Environmental carrying capacity. New feeding systems The environment has been improved by the aquaculture industry itself and the suppliers. Consumer associations, civil society, supermarket chains and other stakeholders are demanding an environmentally and socially responsible aquaculture. 20
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Korea 22
Seafood Watch 23
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Intensive fed aquaculture (salmon) Filtering species culture (mussels) Photosynthetic aquaculture (seaweed) 24
Mussels Seaweed Particl. 15-40m Fish Foil 25
Energy costs As for land and water, aquaculture must compete with other activities for energy. Low energy pumps Renewable energy (wind energy) Recirculation system 26
Fish welfare Future fish farming legislation will demand that the technology used in farming procedures give an optimum fish welfare. Technology suppliers must document this. Sorting and handling of live fish High densities pr.cage during grow-out Handling during delivery of juveniles Parasite treatment Harvesting and live transport 27
Market access, consumer preferences Fish consumption in EU divided into the Northern part and the Mediterranean part Northern part Value-added products Mediterranean part Fresh fish and whole fish preferred Cephalopod a well liked food More fish purchased in super markets More purchase of niche products, such as sushi, tropical fish species Salmon is becoming one of the cheapest and highest consumption species Traditional fish products, such as bacalao (dried salted cod) stagnating 28
From resource- to knowledge intensive FAO: To cover the future fish markets, the global production of fish has to be increased from 120 mill. tons in 2005 to 180 mill. tons in 2030. The increase will come through marine aquaculture. Europe can take a lead in this development by : (Suggested through European Aquaculture Technology Platform, EATP) Technology for sustainable harvest of wild fish (fishing vessels and fishing gear) Open cage aquaculture technology for exposed environment, and environmental control of land-based aquaculture. New fish processing technology for total utilization of raw materials and cost effective production of products for human consumption with 100 % traceability. Exploration of new feed resources. Transfer of technological know-how to developing countries. 29
Conclusion Focus on global food supply Focus upon sustainability Feed Environment Energy Ethics, safety Europe is an integrated part of the global fish supply system Most fish will be produced outside Europe Europe is at the lead technologically (Change from raw material focus to Technology from other sectors Europe can play a major part 30