Vol. 61, 215, No. 9: 426 431 Plnt Soil Environ. Production results of intensifiction of cultivtion technologies in three (Lupinus L.) species M. Borowsk, J. Prusinski, E. Kszkowik Deprtment of Agrotechnology, UTP University of Science nd Technology, Bydgoszcz, Polnd ABSTRACT The pper presents results of 3-yer field studies crried out in split-lock design in four replictions in the yers 212 214 t the Agriculturl Experiment Sttion in Mochełek (Polnd). The effect of intensifiction of cultivtion technologies on the yield of morphologiclly diversified cultivrs of white (Lupinus lus), yellow (L. luteus) nd nrrow-lefed (L. ngustifolius) ws exmined. Trditionl cultivrs of white nd yellow gve significntly higher yields thn the self-completing ones, s opposed to nrrow-lefed in which the self-completing cultivr hd higher yields. Incresing expenses on industril production mens cused n increse in the yield of ll the studied species. Seed yield of white nd nrrow-lefed ws significntly the highest in high-input technology, while tht of yellow in high- nd medium-input technology. In ll species, insignificnt diversifiction ws oserved in the numer of pods per plnt in medium- nd high-input technologies s well s in low- nd medium-input technologies. A significnt increse in the seed yield long with n incresing intensity of the cultivtion of trditionl nd self-completing cultivrs of white nd yellow, s well s self-completing cultivrs of nrrow-lefed, resulted minly from developing higher numer of pods. Keywords: legumes; fertiliztion; plnt protection Current shre of legumes in the sowing structure in the EU is from.5 6.5% (FAOSTAT 214) nd is still decresing, wheres outside Europe it is 15 25% (Cerny et l. 214). Cultivtion of leguminous plnts, prt from numerous enefits for soil environment, my contriute to decresing the deficit of plnt protein in Europe nd its currently common import (Nemecek et l. 28). Agronomic prolems in cultivtion re vrious depending on the prt of the world; the gretest importnce in reducing the yield is ttriuted to wter deficit nd iotic stresses, while other fctors such s extreme temperture or lck of nutrients usully ply lesser role (Jeuffroy nd Ney 1997). Proper griculturl prctices pplied in legumes lmost completely cover plnt requirements for nitrogen (N) provided tht there re strins of ctive symiotic cteri in the soil (Ayisi et l. 1992, Merch nd Klmroth 211). Pre-sowing diversifiction in the doses of minerl N hs no or slight effect on the content of dry mtter in white plnts (Ayisi et l. 1992) nd N content in nrrow-lefed plnts (Fn et l. 22), nd oth these trits in yellow (Prusinski et l. 214). In such cses, the min fctor tht reduces the yield of slowly growing leguminous plnts re weeds, which my decrese seed yields even y 25 4%, the more so ecuse of the oserved continuous lck of post-emergence-pplied hericides (Koukolicek nd Strnc 213, Krwczyk 213). The reserch hypothesis ssumes tht fertilizing with N will llow plnts to void ny possile N deficiency in cse of not very high effectiveness of the symiotic system. Moreover, it ws ssumed tht supplying plnts with other nutrients nd chemicl protection of stnds ffecting extension of photosynthetic ctivity would enle formtion of huge numer of pods nd plump seeds, contriuting to decrese in wter deficit, which reduces the yield. The im of our Supported y the Polish Ministry of Agriculture nd Rurl Development, Project No. 149/211. 426
Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 61, 215, No. 9: 426 431 reserch ws evlution of productivity of 3 species under the effect of n incresing ppliction of industril mens of production. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three two-wy field experiments were crried out in split-lock design in four replictions in the yers 212 214 t the Agriculturl Experiment Sttion in Mochełek (Polnd) (53 13'N, 17 51'E). The experiments were set up on Hplic Luvisols of ph 6.4 6.5 with n verge content of phosphorus nd high content of potssium. The content of N min (minerl nitrogen) in the lyer of 3 cm efore sowing mounted from 8.9 13.3 mg/kg of soil ech yer. The oject of reserch within species were cultivrs (fctor I): white: trditionl cv. Butn nd self-completing (i.e. restricted rnching) cv. Boros, yellow: trditionl cv. Mister nd self-completing cv. Perkoz, nd nrrow-lefed ones: trditionl cv. Zeus nd self-completing cv. Regent. In the successive yers, the experiments were set up on 3 rd, 16 th nd 1 st April, respectively. 75 germinting seeds of cv. Butn nd 86 of cv. Boros were sown, s well s 1 nd 11 seeds of trditionl nd self-completing cultivrs of yellow nd nrrow-lefed per 1 m 2, respectively, with row spcing of 2 cm, into depth of 3 4 cm. The re of plots for sowing ws 3 m 2, nd for hrvest 24.4 m 2. The pplied griculturl tretments (fctor II) re presented in Tle 1. Anlysis of weed infesttion ws crried out with grvimetric method two weeks efore hrvesting seeds. Weeds were collected from rndomly selected res of 1 m 2 from ech plot; next they were dried nd weighed. Directly efore hrvest from ech plot 2 plnts were lso rndomly selected for evlution of the structurl yield components. Seed yield nd its components re given for 15% wter content. Seed hrvest in the successive yers of reserch ws crried out on the 3 th, 23 rd nd 28 th August, respectively. Anlysis of vrince developed y the UTP (Bydgoszcz, Polnd) nd figures (Excel 21) were performed on the dt recorded for ech plot. Significnce of differences in the plot mens ws evluted using the Tukey s test t significnce level P.5. The evlution of the effect of technology on the seed yield nd its structurl components ws crried out with the use of reltive increse of the studied trits nd their shre in incresing/ decresing seed yield (Rudnicki 2). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION One of the most importnt fctors determining seed yield in legumes is the sum nd distriution of rinfll in the plnts growing seson (Podlesn et l. 214). Rinfll deficit comined with high temperture is prticulrly unfvourle during flowering nd pod formtion, resulting in shedding of flowers nd pod sets, nd s consequence reducing the seed yield (Atkins nd Smith 24). On verge, wter nd therml conditions were quite good, when the Selininov index K (Molg 1986) exceeded 1. (Tle 2), which ws fvourle for flowering nd pod setting of ll species nd cultivrs studied. Among the studied species, the highest yields were otined from white (3.78 t/h), then nrrow-lefed (2.54 t/h). High yield rnge of oth species ws mesured with difference in yields in reserch Tle 1. The studied cultivtion technologies Agronomic prctice Technology low-input medium-input high-input Seed conditioning Weed control without dressing mechnicl croxin, thirm, Brdyrhizoium i mechnicl, metmitron croxin, thirm, Brdyrhizoium i linuron + clomzone, metmitron Soil fertiliztion (kg/h) N ; P ; K N 15; P 5; K 7 N 3; P 7; K 1 Folir fertiliztion without extr feeding without extr feeding multiple micro- nd mcroelements Chemicl plnt control without protection chlorothlonil tetrchloroizo-ftlonitryl chlorothlonil tetrchloroizo-ftlonitryl lf-cypermethrin diqwt diromide 427
Vol. 61, 215, No. 9: 426 431 Plnt Soil Environ. Tle 2. Men dily ir temperture nd totl rinfll ccording to the Mochelek Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Polnd (men for 212 214) April My June July August Air temperture ( o C) 8.43 14. 16.2 19.7 17.6 Totl rinfll (mm) 26.9 6.9 76. 83.3 55.2 Sielininov index (K).97 1.4 1.53 1.38 1.9 Selininov index (K): <.5 drought;.5 1. semi-drought; 1. order of optiml moisture; 1.1 2. optiml moisture yers expressed in % of the men yield, i.e. 42.7% nd 57.2%, respectively. The lowest yield ws otined y yellow (2. t/h), with the lowest yield rnge of 18.4% (Figure 1). The oserved instility of yields in legumes over the yers, including (Koukolicek nd Strnc 213) my e the result of shedding flowers nd pod sets s result of wter deficit. However, it lso depends on chnges in the content of endogenous growth regultors (Bngerth 1989) or competition for nutrients etween cceptors of ssimiltes t the time of generting seed yield (pods, intensively growing min shoot pex, lterl rnch pex nd root nodules), which in turn my cuse disturnces in the nutrition lnce in plnts (Atkins nd Smith 24). Significntly the highest seed yields of white nd nrrow-lefed were otined in high-input technology (III). Chnging low-input technology (I) into medium-input one (II) ffected yield increse, ut the oserved yields did not differ significntly. Yellow hd significntly the highest yields when it ws cultivted with medium (II) nd (t/h) 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 212 213 214 white yellow nrrow-lefed Figure 1. Lupin yields in the reserch yers high (III) level of intensity of industril production mens ppliction (Figure 2). Increse in the seed yield of legumes in more intensive technologies my e the result of dressing the seeds nd etter plnt helth (Koukolicek nd Strnc 213), lower competition from weeds (Krwczyk 213), positive response of plnts to seed inocultion (Ayisi et l. 1992, Podlesny 1999, Merch nd Klmroth 211), etter seed supplementtion with nutrients in the period of decresing effectiveness of symiosis (Podlesny 1999, Prusinski et l. 214), more effective photosynthesis in plnts, nd protection ginst Colletotrichum sp., the custive gent of nthrcnose (Prusinski 25). According to Krwczyk (213), in the cultivtion of legumes, prticulr role is plyed y post-emergence hericides used when the stte of weed infesttion is lredy known. In our reserch, on verge the highest dry weight of weeds ws oserved in nrrow-lefed stnds, while the lowest in white stnds. As ws presumed, within ech species significntly the mostly weed-infested plots were those with only mechnicl tretment. Appliction of chemicl tretment in medium-input technology (II) nd high-input technology (III) significntly, 5 7 times, reduced weed infesttion of ll species, nd the dry weight of weeds efore hrvest (Figure 3). Additionl ppliction of clomzone fter sowing nd metmitron t post-emergence in high-input technology however did not significntly ffect decrese in the dry weight of weeds. (t/h) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 white yellow nrrow-lefed Figure 2. Lupin seed yields depending on the intensity of cultivtion technology (I, II, III). Different letters within columns indicte significnt differences etween entries (P.5) I II III 428
Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 61, 215, No. 9: 426 431 (g/m 2 ) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 I II III white yellow nrrow-lefed Figure 3. Dry weight of weeds in stnds depending on the intensity of cultivtion technologies (I, II, III). Different letters within columns indicte significnt differences etween entries (P.5) According to Merch nd Klmroth (211), inocultion of nrrow-lefed seeds ffects increse in N2 fixtion with the deficiency of N in the soil. In cse of significnt mount of N in the soil, the effect of inocultion is usully insignificnt nd most proly does not significntly ffect the yield. Also, in cse of white, fertiliztion with high doses of N or seed inocultion did not significntly vry the seed yield, lthough high doses of minerl N reduced nodultion nd N 2 fixtion, though they did not support plnt growth (Ayisi et l. 1992). It should e highlighted tht on the plots where the experiments were set up, there ws previously cultivtion, nd N min content (low to medium) in the period from sowing to the strt of symiosis ws sufficient to stisfy the requirements of plnts in the initil growth stges. Hence the effectiveness of seed inocultion with rhizoium only mnifests itself with the lck of ctive strins of symiotic cteri in the soil or on soils deficient in N, especilly tht plnts do not effectively utilize minerl (t/h) 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 Trditionl Self-completing white yellow nrrow-lefed Figure 4. Seed yield of morphologiclly differentited cultivrs N whose vilility is most often depleted in the stge of grin filling when dditionl requirement for this nutrient comes from the symioticlly fixed nitrogen (Kessel nd Hrtley 2). Differences were oserved in the yield of the cultivr types studied in the experiment (Figure 4). Trditionl white cv. Butn, s in the studies of Cooru (24 26) nd yellow cv. Mister (Cooru 215) gve significntly nd insignificntly higher yields: 9.8% nd 11.6%, respectively, thn the self-completing cultivrs of these species. They were distinguished from the self-completing cultivr of nrrow-lefed, cv. Regent, which gve yields y 2% higher thn the trditionl cultivr in the reserch, i.e. in ccordnce with the ltest results of Cooru (215). Pod numer per plnt nd 1 seed weight, oth for trditionl nd self-completing cultivrs re determined y the conditions providing plnts with sufficient wter supply (Jeuffroy nd Ney 1997, Podlesn et l. 214) nd nutrients (Koukolicek nd Strnc 213), hormone regultors (Bngerth 1989) nd sustining s long photosynthetic ctivity of the geing leves or those ffected with diseses or Tle 3. Shre (%) of structurl yield components in determining seed yield in trditionl cultivrs Yield component White Yellow Nrrow-lefed I II II III I II II III I II II III Pod numer per plnt 1 38.3 98. 1.9 89.8 Seed numer per pod 34.8 44.2 73.3 1 seed weight 65.2 17.5 2. 15.8 1.2 Totl 1 1 1 1 1 1 429
Vol. 61, 215, No. 9: 426 431 Plnt Soil Environ. Tle 4. Shre (%) of structurl yield components in determining seed yield of the self-completing cultivrs Yield component White Yellow Nrrow-lefed I II II III I II II III I II II III Pod numer per plnt 1 48.8 1 42.7 Seed numer per pod 34.6 47.2 1 seed weight 16.6 1.1 Totl 1 1 1 1 pests (Prusinski 25), while the seed numer per pod is conditioned geneticlly or determined just fter pollintion (Tischner et l. 23). According to Rudnicki (21) the production of the numer of pods per plnt, numer of seeds per pod nd weight of 1 seeds is equl to or close to the mount of seed yield. A method of estimtion of prticiption of specific plnt yielding elements in n increse or decrese of seed yield llows to determine reson-result reltionship in sequence: experimentl fctor (use of production mens) yielding elements used yield. The iggest increse in the seed yield in trditionl (Tle 3) nd self-completing cultivrs (Tle 4) long with n incresing intensity of cultivtion of the studied species ws minly the result of n increse in the numer of pods per plnt 89.8 1% for trditionl cultivrs nd 1% for self-completing, except of nrrow-lefed cultivr. The impct of numer of seeds per pod on seed yield ws smller nd did not exceeded 73.3% in nrrow-lefed nd 44.2% for other cultivrs. 1 seed weight did not chnge the seed yield much except of trditionl white cultivr. In conclusion, the ppliction of industril production mens (minerl fertiliztion with N, P nd K s well s crop-protection preprtions) in mediumnd high-input technologies llowed incresing productivity of the studied species compred with the low-input technology. It should e considered unjustifile to pply dditionl chemicl tretment in high-input technology. Trditionl cultivrs of white nd yellow gve higher yields thn the self-completing ones, while in nrrow-lefed lower yields were recorded thn in the trditionl one. Higher yields in trditionl nd self-completing cultivrs of white nd yellow s well s the self-completing cultivr of nrrow-lefed resulted minly from developing higher numer of pods on plnts. REFERENCES Atkins C.A., Smith P.M. (24): Regultion of pod set nd seed development in. In: vn Snten E., Hill G.D. (eds.): Proceedings of the 1 th Interntionl Lupin Conference, 19 24. June 22, New Zelnd, 275 278. Ayisi K.K., Putnm D., Vnce C.P., Grhm P.H. (1992): Brdyrhizoium inocultion nd nitrogen fertilizer effects on seed yield nd protein of white. Agronomy Journl, 84: 857 861. Bngerth F. (1989): Dominnce mong fruits/sinks nd the serch for correltive signl. Physiologi Plntrum, 76: 68 614. Cooru (24 26): Results of Post-registered Vrietl Experiences. Legumes. Słupi Wielk. (In Polish). Cooru (215): Registrtion Synthesis of Experimentl Results. Legumes 214. Słupi Wielk, 128: 1 51. (In Polish) Cerny C., Ben-Ari T., Pelzer E., Meynrd J.-M., Mkowski D. (214): Estimting vriility in grin legume yields cross Europe nd the Americs. Scientific Reports, 5: 1 11. Fn X.H., Tng C., Rengel Z. (22): Nitrte uptke, nitrte reductse distriution nd their reltion to proton relese in five nodulted grin legumes. Annls of Botny, 9: 315 323. FAOSTAT Production Crops. Grin legume production res EU countries nd Switzerlnd for 2 nd 211, 214. Aville t http://fostt.fo.org/site/567/desktopdefult. spx?pgeid =567#ncor Jeuffroy M.-H., Ney B. (1997): Crop physiology nd productivity. Field Crops Reserch, 53: 3 16. Vn Kessel C., Hrtley C. (2): Agriculturl mngement of grin legumes: Hs it led to n increse in nitrogen fixtion? Field Crops Reserch, 65: 165 181. Koukolicek J., Strnc P. (213): Experiment with the cultivtion of different vrieties of in the re of Doris. MendelNet, 2: 82 88. Krwczyk R. (213): Control of weeds in nrrow-lefed (Lupinus ngustifolius L.) nd yellow (Lupinus luteus L.) depending on their iologicl differences nd groecologicl fctors. Rozprwy Nukowe, 28: 1 94. (In Polish) Merch W., Klmroth A.K. (211): Influence of minerl fertiliztion on field nd symiotic fixtion of lue s (Lupinus 43
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