SMiRT-23, Paper ID 636 A STUDY ON THE STANDARD SYSTEM FOR HTGR POWER PLANTS ABSTRACT Lihong Zhang *, Fu Li, Yujie Dong, and Jingyuan Qu Institute Nuclear and New Energy Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Key Laboratory Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety Ministry Education Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China The strategic policy actively promoting the development nuclear power in China has lent special urgency to the establishment standard systems for various nuclear power plants built in China. High temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is regarded as one the Generation IV nuclear energy systems and has broad potential applications in industrial fields. In the background the high temperature gascooled reactor demonstration power plant (HTR-PM) being listed as one the major projects Chinese National Medium and Long-term Sci. & Tech. Development Plan, this paper discusses the significance and necessity for the standardization HTGR power plants, based on the HTGR technology developed at INET Tsinghua University. The recent establishment a preliminary standard system for HTGR power plants is highlighted, including some suggestions for the subsequent development the system. INTRODUCTION Energy demand and environmental protection have been increasingly the hot topics. China is actively adjusting its energy structure to meet the demand as well as to mitigate damages to the environment (Wang and Lu, 2002). Nuclear energy is regarded as one the most promising energy forms and is under great development in China in recent years. As IAEA s Nuclear Technology Review 2014 summarized Near and long term growth prospects remained centred in Asia, particularly in China. (IAEA, GC(58)/INF/4, 2014) Due to its unique safety features and its broad potential applications, high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) has been selected as one the six Generation IV nuclear energy systems 21 st century, (Bouchard and Bennett, 2008). After over 30 years research and development on HTGR technology and the successful design, construction and operation the 10MW HTGR test module (HTR-10), (Xu and Zuo, 2002), the HTGR demonstration power plant was listed among the 16 Chinese national major projects the medium and long term Sci&Tech development plan (2006-2020) year 2006. The construction the pebble-bed modular HTGR demonstration power plant (HTR-PM), which started at the end 2012 at Shidao bay, Shandong Province, marked the onset the industrialization for a new generation nuclear energy systems in China. At the same time, the development a standard system for the HTGR power plants is underway, in order to secure the commercialization HTGR power plants in terms safety and economy by improving quality and speeding up processes in every stage the project. Although the HTGR technology could be traced back to 1960s (Mears and Goodjohn, 1989), from the earliest 20-MWth research reactor Dragon built UK, the 40-MWe developmental plant Peach Bottom USA, and the 15-MWe AVR in Germany, to the conceptual design HTR-Module (Siemens/Interatom, Germany), HTR-100 (BBC/HRB, Germany) and MHTGR-350 (GA, USA), it has not really set its foot industry past 50 years. Until now, a few are developed for HTGR due to lack the driving force commercialization. The existing cannot satisfy the needs for the industrialization HTGRs. Therefore, a complete standard system needs to be built.
SETTING UP THE STANDARD SYSTEM The objective the study is to build up a standard system for the HTGR power plants as well as to provide technical supports for the safety review or licensing process to the regulatory authorities. The Framework the Standard System High temperature gas-cooled reactor has many technical features different from traditional pressurized water reactors (PWR) which are the main type nuclear power plants in China. Nevertheless, to keep consistency with the nuclear standard system development in China, a framework is adopted in order to sort out systematically the huge amount based on the stages the life span a plant. The framework consists 8 categories including general and basics, former works, engineering design, manufacture, construction, testing, operation, decommission, so called the top the framework. Each is divided into subcategories which form the sub- the framework, if necessary. The Principles for Setting up the Standard System A standard is identified based on the demand the plant, either from the existing standard or created to satisfy the speciality the nuclear power plant. The principles for building up the system are as follows: 1) Standards are classified according to the framework the standard system in order to be systematic. 2) The existing nuclear which are judged to be applicable to the HTGR power plant are selected into the system in order to comply with the uniqueness a standard. 3) The general industrial which would be used for the plant are excluded from the system. 4) New are named and will be prepared to match the specialities the HTGR power plant. Standards Identified for the ities HTGR Power Plants As a nuclear power plant, the high temperature gas cooled reactor power plant has its common features similar as other types nuclear power plants, thus, for these features can be adopted by the system. On the other hand, the HTGR power plant has its own characteristics different from others (Lohnert, 1990; Liu et al., 2002; Tang et al., 2002; Wu and Xi, 2002; Zhang et al., 2002; 2006; 2009). are required for these characteristics: 1) Fuel element The spherical fuel element, used for HTR-PM, consists a spherical fuel zone (50mm in diameter) and a fuel free graphite shell (5mm in thickness) surrounding the spherical fuel zone for protection. Coated fuel particles, which are homogeneously dispersed graphite matrix the spherical fuel zone, are composed a low enriched UO 2 kernel and four layers coatings. Each fuel element, with a diameter 60mm, contains about 12,000 coated fuel particles for the uranium content 7 g in a fuel element. The fuel elements are expected to retain all the fission products with coated particles at the temperature up to 1600 o C. Thus, the design criteria for the fuel element, the manufacture procedures for the UO 2 kernel and the coatings, the requirements for the raw materials, the qualification measurements and the sampling methods for the elements need to be standardized in order to control the quality the fuel elements, and ultimately to achieve the safety function the fuel elements.
2) Materials Due to the high outlet temperature (750 o C) the reactor, graphite rather than the traditional metallic materials is chosen as the main structural material for the reactor core. In addition graphite, metallic materials suitable for the elevated temperature service are also needed for some components e.g., fuel handling system, control rod and steam generator, etc.. requirements for all these materials need to be fixed in order to control the quality and the performance the components. 3) systems and components HTR-PM has several special systems and components to facilitate the operation the reactor, such as the fuel handling system, two independent reactor shut down systems including absorber sphere system and control rod system, the primary helium circulator, the helium purification system, the steam generator, the primary pressure vessels, and a fully digitalized reactor protection system, etc.. As an example, the fuel handling system (FHS) is designed to charge, recirculate and discharge the spherical fuel elements without interruption to the reactor operation. It consists Feed Subsystem for the new fuel elements, Circulation Subsystem for the fuel elements, and Discharge Subsystem for the spent fuel elements. The key components including pulsed airflow discharge components, failed fuel separator, elevator, isolation valve, distributor etc., and FHS control system are designed to fulfil the FHS function. All these systems and components must have their own design criteria to ensure that they perform properly as desired, and the classification these systems and components should also be adjusted according to their safety functions. 4) Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection The most important advantage modular HTGRs is the so called inherent safety features, including the passive decay heat removal and the negative reactivity temperature coefficient, which can lead the reactor to self-shut down under accident conditions. Defence in depth is the safety philosophy for the design HTGR. That is to say, all actions safety must set up multiple defences, so that individual failure has no consequences. The multiple barriers are important measures the defence in depth. The barriers the HTR-PM are: 1) spherical fuel elements with coated particles, 2) primary cooling system pressure boundary and 3) a safe confinement. Although the general safety requirements for HTGR power plants should be as similar as for traditional nuclear power plants, the means to meet the requirements by HTGR are different from others, e.g., PWRs. Therefore, some existing safety related codes or are not applicable to the HTGRs and new substitutes should be prepared according to the characteristics HTGRs. 5) Continuous operation mode Pebble bed modular HTGR has the unique advantage continuous fuel loading and discharging without interrupting the operation the plant. The continuous operation mode would need different fuel management to match. The Contents the Standard System According to the framework and the principles for the system mentioned above, a preliminary standard system has been established for the HTGR power plants based on the undergoing HTR-PM project. A total 968 have been identified for the system. Table 1 gives the statistic data these distributing framework the system. There are two types system: 1) shared with other types nuclear power plants; 2) specially prepared for HTGR power plants.
Table 1: The statistic data the for the HTGR power plants. Top (a) General Basics and (b) Former Works (c) Engineering Design (d) Manufacture Sub aa) Engineering Economics ab) Radiation Protection and Nuclear Emergency Response ac) Nuclear Safety ad) Reliability ae) Quality Assurance af) Engineering Management ca) General and Basics cba) Nuclear Island System cbb) Conventional Island System cb) cbc) Systems BOP System cbd) Instrumental Control System cbe) Electrical System cc) Building/Structure cd) Nuclear Fuel Element da) Mechanical Equipment db) Instrumentation and Control Equipment Sub 41 Sub 33 9 19 115 16 27 6 4 12 2 22 22 26 201 13 33 28 7 2 2 59 8 22 1 13 4 39 39 206 117 408 11 5 95 208
Top Sub 23 rd Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Sub Sub dc) Electrical Equipment 73 24 dd) Nuclear Measuring 31 6 Equipment de) Material 87 56 ea) Construction Management 10 eb) (e) Civil Construction Construction Engineering 33 112 2 55 ec) Equipment Installation 69 53 fa) General Requirements on 6 4 Testing (f) fb) 30 Testing 18 15 Preoperational Testing 25 fc) Testing with Fuel Loading 6 6 ga) Operation Management 32 1 gb) 19 8 (g) Inspection and Testing 77 Operation gc) 16 2 Aging Management 12 gd) Maintenance 10 1 (h) Decommission 3 3 1 1 Sum 968 968 423 423 As an example, top (c) Engineering Design contains 4 sub categories, they are labelled as ca) General and Basics, cb) Systems, cc) Building/Structure, cd) Nuclear Fuel Element. Sub cb) Systems is divided further into 5 categories, namely cba) Nuclear Island System, cbb) Conventional Island System, cbc) BOP System, cbd) Instrumental Control System, cbe) Electrical System. In cba) Nuclear Island System, 33 are identified, among them 5 are shared with PWRs, 28 are dedicated solely to HTGRs. They are: General design criteria for reactor structure HTR-PM; Design criteria for control rod system HTR-PM; Design criteria for absorb sphere shut-down system HTR-PM;
Design criteria for primary pressure release system HTR-PM; Design criteria for fuel handling system HTR-PM; Design criteria for reactor core HTR-PM; Design criteria for primary thermal hydraulics HTR-PM; Design criteria for primary pressure vessel HTR-PM; etc. 23 rd Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Due to the space limitation this paper, the whole list the system will not be shown in this paper. THE SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE STANDARD SYSTEM Table 1 summarizes a complete standard system for the HTGR power plants, it covers wide range fields, from nuclear safety to nuclear engineering, materials, and management etc.. Every single standard table needs to be tested during the application HTGR s development. For the subsequent development the system, some suggestions are given below: 1) Further verifications need to be done to those shared nuclear, which are thought to be applicable to HTGR power plants as well and are selected into the system. 2) should be prepared by by summarizing and refining the accumulated experiences from the design, construction and operation HTR-10 and the undergoing HTR-PM project as well as by taking advantage the available experiences from the world. Top criterion should be set up first to guide the sub components in order to establish a unified and consistent system. 3) During preparing a specific standard, attentions should be drawn to the harmonization various reference available from the world to avoid conflict or contradiction when quoting from different resources. 4) A methodology should be established to facilitate the preparation these in order to form an integrated system. CONCLUSION REMARKS The commercial application a nuclear technology must be based on a mature technology. Standardization is the important symbol maturation. A preliminary standard system has been built for HTGR power plants based on the technology (pebble-bed modular) developed at Tsinghua University in China. It is a long term task to work out every standard system, and the must be updated with the development HTGR technology. The whole system must be maintained dynamically in order to reflect the requirements HTGRs accurately as well as to take advantage the newly developed technology related fields. Only in this way, the standard system can give positive guidance and reliable support to accelerate the commercialization HTGR power plants. The construction HTR-PM demonstration power plant currently undergoing in China would provide rich and important feedback for the preparation the system. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study is financially supported by the Chinese government through the National Science and Technology Major Project (ZX069).
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