ADVANCED REACTOR TECHNOLOGY. Everett Redmond, Ph.D. Nuclear Energy Institute. January 9, 2018
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1 Everett Redmond, Ph.D. Nuclear Energy Institute ADVANCED REACTOR January 9, 2018 TECHNOLOGY
2 Generation IV International Forum (GIF) website September 2015 WHAT IS AN ADVANCED REACTOR? Any reactor technology that offers new features, attributes, or capabilities above what is fleet deployed today Non-light water designs (and can include light water SMRs) Any design you can t buy today
3 ADVANCED REACTORS ARE NOT NEW Peach Bottom 1 High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) Fermi 1 Sodiumcooled Fast Reactor (SFR) MSRE Experimental Liquid Fueled Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) EBR 1 Sodium Fast Reactor first nuclear electricity generation
4 HIGH OPERATING TEMPERATURES GATEWAY TO HEAT MARKETS Source: NGNP Alliance <
5 ADVANCED REACTORS BY GENERATION IV DESIGNATION Reactor Concept Gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR) Coolant Outlet Temp. ( o C) Pressure (MPa) Helium (13 for EM 2 ) Pressure Class Neutron Spectrum Core Power Density High Fast High Lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR) Molten salt reactor (MSR) Sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) Supercriticalwater-cooled reactor (SCWR) Very-hightemperature reactor (VHTR) Pb (metal) or Pb-Bi (eutectic) Fluoride or chloride salts Sodium (metal) ~0.1 Low Fast High ~ Low Fast or Thermal High ~0.1 Low Fast High Water Very High Fast or Thermal High Helium High Thermal Low
6 HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS REACTORS (HTGRS)
7 PRIMARY COOLANT FOR GAS REACTORS CO 2 used in UK and French fleets (Magnox, UNGG, and AGRs) a) Disassociates under irradiation b) Causes oxidation of graphite Helium for all new designs HTGRs a) Inert b) Second only to hydrogen in heat transfer properties (conductivity, specific heat)
8 TRISO- COATED PARTICLE FUEL Source: INL and NGNP,
9 TWO GENERAL REACTOR VARIANTS Prismatic Block Fuel Design Pebble-Bed Fuel Design Source: AREVA, HTGR Information Kit.
10 HTGR - INHERENT SAFETY 1. High temperature ceramic fuel tolerates conditions anticipated for worst-case loss-of-coolant accident 2. Reactor designed to passively conduct heat to environment 3. Reactivity (and power) decreases with increasing temperature Source: IAEA ARIS database, GA Prismatic HTGR design
11 HTGRS IN THE UNITED STATES Peach Bottom 1 PA 200 MWth Fort St Vrain CO 842 MWth Image from U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1967
12 HTGRS IN CHINA HTR-PM China HTGR: Installation of first HTR-PM vessel 2 x 250 MWth
13 SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTORS (SFRS)
14 FIRST NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY SFR: EBR I (IDAHO) December 1953 demonstrated first nuclear electricity generation to light four light bulbs (later whole facility)
15 ENRICO FERMI ATOMIC POWER PLANT (FERMI 1) MWth, 61 MWe SFR a) Design by Atomic Power Development Associates (APDA) b) Constructed and owned by industry consortium: Power Reactor Development Corporation (PRDC) c) Operated by Detroit Edison: ; Experienced blockage of fuel cooling channel leading to partial core melt Image from U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1967
16 SODIUM COOLED FAST REACTORS 1. Pros: a) High thermal conductivity b) Low absorption of neutrons in fast energy spectrum c) Moderately high boiling point (882 C) I. core outlet temperatures ~ 600 C II. ambient (near atmospheric) operating pressures 2. Cons: a) chemically reactive with water and oxygen (air)! b) opaqueness makes inspection, fuel handling and maintenance difficult
17 MOLTEN SALT REACTORS (MSRS)
18 LIQUID FUELED MSRS ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED FOR AIRCRAFT Convair NB-36H Nuclear Test Aircraft flew with an operating reactor on board as part of X-6 Nuclear Bomber program R&D Aircraft Reactor Experiment (ARE) steady-state T out at 850 C final test operation ~1 MW th for 74 hrs
19 : MOLTEN SALT REACTOR EXPERIMENT (MSRE) Focus for MSRs shifted to ground-based power reactors 7 LiBeF 4 (Flibe) salt Graphite moderator Hastelloy N construction ~7 MW th with T out at 660 C 20,000 hr operation incl. utilization of 233 U from 232 Th irradiated elsewhere
20 MOLTEN SALT REACTORS 1. Flexible design envelope: a) Thermal or fast b) Lowest fuel inventory for any reactor design 2. Fuel is dissolved in primary coolant (molten salt) and flows through heat exchanger 3. Salts are simplest chemical compositions and are impervious to radiation damage 4. Salts have high heat capacity and high boiling temperature (> 1200 C) 5. System operation at high temperatures and near-atmospheric pressures
21 MSRS TODAY 1. Popular design among start-ups 2. Many variants 3. Many companies, including small start ups 4. China is pursuing two variants simultaneously
22 DEVELOPERS
23 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPERS Fast Reactors ARC Westinghouse Oklo GEH General Atomics TerraPower Elysium Industries Molten Salt Reactors Thorcon Transatomic Power TerraPower Flibe Energy Terrestrial Energy Elysium Industries Alpha-Tec Yellowstone Energy Kairos Power High Temperature Gas Reactors AREVA StarCore Nuclear X-energy U-Battery
24 DEVELOPER UPDATES TerraPower signed joint venture with China National Nuclear Corporation Oct 2017 X-energy signs MOU with Jordan Atomic Energy Commission Nov 2017 Terrestrial Energy Completed Phase 1 of Canadian Vendor Design Review November 2017 Oklo in pre-application interactions with NRC
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