Management, Sanitation and Diseases Prevention In Poultry Farms Edited by Hussein A. Kaoud Cairo University 2015
Mangement, Sanitation and Diseases Prevention in Poultry Farms CreateSpace estore: https://www.createspace.com/ 5518104 Edited by Hussein Abd el Hay Kaoud First Published, 2015 Published by CreateSpace 4900 LaCross Road, North Charleston, SC 29406 Copyright 2000-2015, CreateSpace, a DBA of On-Demand Publishing, LLC. https://www.createspace.com/pub/member.dashboard.do ISBN-13: 978-1512343779 ISBN-10: 1512343773 CreateSpace 4900 LaCross Road, North Charleston, SC 29406 Copyright 2000-2015, CreateSpace, a DBA of On-Demand Publishing, LLC. https://www.createspace.com/pub/member.dashboard.do
Contents Preface 5 Chapter 1 Housing of poultry 6 Chapter 2 Poultry housing systems 37 Chapter 3 Environment and poultry requirements 58 Chapter 4 Biosecurity and Farm Hygien 117 Chapter 5 Eggs and hatcheries hygiene 173 Chapter 6 Manure disposal and Sanitation of poultry farm 213 Chapter 7 Transportation of poultry 249 Chapter 8 Epidemiology of poultry diseases 257 Chapter 9 Basic Scientific Technical Terms 306
Refferences 325 Illustrations 339
Preface Poultry farming means raising various types of domestic birds commercially for the purpose of meat, eggs and feather production. The most common and widely raised poultry birds are chicken. However, in a word commercial poultry farming is very necessary to meet up the demand of animal nutrition (eggs and meat). Commercial poultry farming is also very profitable. And commercial poultry farming business is one of the traditional business ventures. Here we are describing more about the advantages of poultry farming business and the steps for running this business. In recent years there have been widespread technical advances in poultry husbandry, management and disease prevention. This book provides information on these aspects of modern poultry production systems. The text is divided into 9chapters which describe aspects of management, housing, diseases prevention, and the economics of poultry production. This edition is intended for international use; where the majority of the problems of environmental control and building design discussed are more relevant to production systems situated in colder temperate climates and those situated within the tropics. The book is concisely and clearly written and intended for people directly involved in poultry management. It would also be of value to undergraduate students. Prof. Hussein A. Kaoud
Chapter 1 Housing of poultry Introduction The adoption of intensive poultry keeping has brought many problems in housing, nutrition and disease control. The provision of housing which prevents disease and stress in poultry represents a major challenge. Suitable housing design of economical cost is required to provide good environment to increase efficiency of feed utilization and to help to control disease. Housing serves two major functions for the poultry man. First, it permits the organization and concentration of the flock into a manageable unit and, secondly and more importantly, provides a physical environment that is conducive to optimal egg or poultry meat production. In general the chicken that is comfortable and free from stress is most likely to perform at its maximum potential. A successful poultry house will protect its occupants from extremes of temperature and other unfavorable weather conditions. In mild climates the housing of poultry is simple, but when winter temperatures average below 12 C with average relative humidity above 80% and with sunshine amounting to less than 5 hours a day, or when the environment is hot and moist with average daily temperatures above 35 C. the proper housing of highly productive flocks becomes a difficult problem. To understand the complicated nature of the problem and the means by which it can be solved, it is necessary to look at poultry housing from three viewpoints: (1) as a problem in biology, (2) as a problem in engineering, and (3) as a problem in economic, as each is related to the matter of "weather" control in the hen house. This means that we change for maximum egg production. The engineering design that will make it possible to control these conditions for a flock of a given size, and the range or tolerance above and below the optimum that may be permitted for each factor without seriously interfering with production, so that we may decide what variations are permissible while still keeping construction costs within reasonable limits.
Housing Requirements Construction and insulation: The basis of a well-constructed house is a good standard of thermal insulation of the surfaces. This permits a leveling out of any wide diurnal and seasonal temperature variations that may occur and, in association with good ventilation, allows a relative humidity below 80% to be maintained. If the relative humidity runs consistently above 80% condensation will occur on the surfaces and litter will become caked and wet and serious deterioration in the building will take place. Under such conditions it will be difficult to maintain good health, as there will be an increased danger of respiratory diseases and where built-up litter is used, of parasitic and bacterial diseases. The correct mode of application of insulation is important and yet frequently neglected. Many different materials can be used but it is essential that in all cases they are kept dry, wet materials not only deteriorate but lose their insulating qualities and raise the humidity of the atmosphere. Whilst the importance of weatherproofing is always realized, it is not always appreciated that it is just as vital to seal the inside from moisture penetration from within the building, by placing a vapor seal on the warm side of the surface. Suitable vapor seals are Kraft paper, polythene, and vapor-proof paints. It is also advisable to place a dampproof course at the base of the walls of poultry houses in the same way as with other buildings. Materials that are used for the inside and outside surfaces should be hardwearing and maintenance-free. For example, a suitable roof construction satisfying all the essential requirements could be made up from the inside to the outside as follows: 1 - Flat, fully compressed asbestos sheets. 2 - Vapor seal of well-lapped Kraft paper. 3-100 mm of glass or mineral wool.
4 - Air space of 1 00 mm. 5 - Outer cladding of corrugated asbestos or aluminum. Insulating the poultry house This is a requisite for open-sided houses as well as for those that are environmentally controlled. Most insulation is confined to the roof, since this area has the greatest heat loss during cold weather and it is the area where the sun's rays strike. Insulation is beneficial during the winter months as a means of conserving heat and thereby improving feed utilization. It is also beneficial during the summer months when it can effectively exclude the high radiant heat load from metal roofing. Excluding heat not only improves flock comfort but also results in improved performance. R-values for insulating efficiency: The efficiency of any insulating material or combination of materials, or of construction is rated by its ability to resist the transfer of heat through it. There are many materials or combinations of materials used to insulate poultry houses, and the resistance of these materials to the transfer of heat has been given a practical term Known as "R-value" or "Thermal Resistance". Vapor Barrier: To be effective, insulating material must be: Dry, since moisture can conduct both heat and cold to prevent moisture from penetrating the outside wall or roof and wetting the insulation, a clear- air space between layers of material may be provided. The choice should be based on the cost, durability, effectiveness and the nature of the area to be insulated.
Simple methods are followed for the wastes through in this case the outer cladding is more usually of timber, or possibly plywood or oil-tempered hardboard. Certain constructions are able to bond the inner cladding, vapor seal and insulation together as, for example, with polyurethane faced with plastic, hardboard or plywood. The final step of bonding the whole wall or roof construction into one piece is actually achieved with the use of polyurethane faced both sides, with corrugated steel or aluminum usually being used for the exterior surface, and this material is used increasingly in poultry housing to give a clean and hygienic finish. The floor is also of vital importance yet frequently rather neglected. Even with a layer of litter, an earth floor can be an obvious place for the build-up of bacteria and parasites. The dangers are greatest to young birds. There seems to be no substitute for a simple concrete floor 75-100mm thick with a damp-proof course between the concrete and the rubble. Careful consideration should be given to the necessary slope of the floor for draining purposes. In deep litter systems it is not usually practicable to place drains within the house itself because of blockage, but in cage rearing or laying houses internal drainage is of great benefit. Factory- built Houses: The easiest to acquire a poultry house is to purchase one, complete with insulation, a ventilating system, and all equipment. Fig.4: Tunnel designs
Fig.5: Heating methods inside the environmentally controlled Poultry house