Application of Material Flow Analysis for Environmental and Resource Management Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management http://www.iwa.tuwien.ac.at Material Flow Analysis of human metabolism
Input does not equal Output: where is the difference? Fluxes of Goods through Households activity input output stock sewage off gas solid residues [t/c.y] [t/c.y] [t/c] to nourish 5,7 0,9 4,7 0,1 < 0,1 to clean 60 60 0 0,02 0,1 to reside 10 0 7,6 1 100 + 1 to transport 10 0 6 1,6 160 + 2 total 86 61 19 2,7 260 + 3
Material flow analysis MFA systems boundary B A C s+δs D Objectives of MFA 1. Tool to set priorities, to support decisions, and to design products, processes and systems for: environmental management waste management resource management 2. Supports implementation of measures because: standard approach (handbook) guarantees transparency
MFA of regional lead flows and stocks [t/y] lead [t/y] import 340 Δ stock ~ 1. 000 + 60 export 280 surface water 0.6 consumer goods 7 used cars household 1.6 atmosphere 0.6 0.5 0.5 forest agricult. urban soil soil area 150+0.6 240+0.9 30+0.2 0.05 0.15 0.2 river 0.14 WWTP 0.9 sewer 0.6 0.45 0.3 landfill ~600+60 60 industry surface water 2 filter residue and construction iron >270 >330 regional boundary MSW 5.6 MFA of regional phosphorous flows and stocks [t/y] import = 230 t/a stock 10.000 + 70 t/a export = 170 t/a phosphorous [t/a] atmosphere meat, milk, eggs 30 animal feedstock 45 animals 100 fertilizer 78 85 3 agr. soil 10 000+68 109 plant cultivation cereals vegetables, fruits 24 surface water 28 17 river 13 surface water 74 19 wwtp? landfill food cleaners 17 private hh 17 industrial products >61 38 sewer 21? industry food >40
MFA for priority setting, ex. phosphorous Industrial 5 Agriculture 1 processing/ 0.4 distribution Private household 4 0.6 0.4 Agricultural Production Sewage and wastes wastes MSW Phosphorus flow [kg/capita/year] 9/15 Plastic Flows and Stocks in Austria [kt/y1994] IMPORT 2.600 kt/y STOCK 17.000 kt/y + 1.000 kt/y) EXPORT 1.600 kt/y raw material 1.100 primary production stock: 40 intermediate products 990 250 duro- and polymers manufacturing stock: 50 600 plastic products duro- and polymers 850 plastic products 420 210 intermediate products plastic products consumption Einsatz 530 stock: 7.100+400 production wastes regranulate 720 wastes 28 17 wastes wastes 11 collection, 12 transport, sorting stock: 45+42 49 wastes 71 wastes 590 wastes regranulate recycling energy landfills 26 recovery residues stock: 0 stock: 0 stock: 9.700+590 10 59 off gas Source: R. Fehringer, P.H.Brunner 1998 system boundary "Austria"
Additives in Plastics Material total consumption packaging material total stock in kt 1994 in kt 1994 in kt 1994 Plastics 1,100 200 7,100 Softeners 14 0.2 140 Ba/Cd- stabilizers 0.27 0.0002 2.6 Pb-stabilizers 1.8 0.002 18 Fire retardants 2.3 0 22 Partitioning of cadmium contained in waste plastic Plastic recycling MSW incineration Recycling plastic 73 % Flue gas <1 % E-Filter dust 92 % 100 % CADMIUM Residue I 14 % Residue II 2 % Sludge 1 % Residue III 10 % 100 % CADMIUM Waste water <1 % Filter cake <1 % Bottom ash 8 %
MFA of MSW incineration 77 % offgas 100 % MSW 17 % water 60 % organic substances 23 % inorganic substance 2,5 % filter residue Quelle: Brunner, Mönch (1996) 20,5 % bottom ash Final Storage Landfills 2 1 3 groundwater
MFA as a tool to support decisions in waste management MSW view Consumption Packaging ordinance view Consumption 40 160 80 20 100 Incineration Landfill Recycling Incineration Landfill Total waste management view Materials management view 1150 Consumption 80 70 600 Recycling Incineration Landfill Consumption +400 80 70 600 Recycling Incineration Landfill +600 MFA to determine waste composition production products consumption waste waste treatment waste treatment products 2a 2b 1 3 1 2a 2b 3 direct analysis analysis by market research household statistics analysis of waste treatment products
Example for indirect analysis: MFA of glass in Switzerland 1985 consumption n(100%) 44,1 kg/ /c.a 24,4 kg glas/c.a (55%) 350 kg MSW -> 70 g glass/kg MSW 1985 recycling (45%) 19,7 kg/c.a Indirect analysis: MFA of paper in Austria [kg/c.a] waste paper 191 waste paper recycling 118 production 454 86 consumption 179 Austria 1996 municipal solid waste 48 industry 81 household 50 libraries, archives, etc.? export 13 waste paper 131 Data: Austrian Paper Industry, 1996
MFA of glass in Switzerland 2000 [kg/c.a] import 17 0.1 primary raw materials 14 production 2.7 trade consumpt. 30 & 47 +0.9 distribution stock refilling 2.8 waste 2.8 13 2.5 40 other use collection 27 system boundary "Switzerland" MFA of glass in Austria 2000 [kg/c.a] import 74 7.4 0.1 primary raw materials 17 production 19 2.4 3.3 trade consumpt. 38 & 34 +1.4 distribution stock refilling 3.4 24 waste 5.6 export 12 collection other use 4.8 system boundary "Austria"
Indirect analysis: Chlorine content of MSW food table salt PVC per capita consumption [kg/c.a] 500 ~5 (1-10) 16 discarded in MSW load in MSW Cl-content Cl-load contribution to MSW total Cl in MSW [%] [kg/c.a] [g Cl/kg] [g Cl/c.a] [g Cl/kg] ~10 50 0.8 40 0.1 ~10 0.5 610 305 0.9 30 5 580 2 900 8 50 8 580 4 600 13 [g Cl/kg] 14 70 11 580 6 400 18 MSW incineration 12.2+1.8 P.H. Brunner Incineration Plant Spittelau
Monitoring Waste Composition FURNACE BOILER ESP FLUE GAS CLEANING DENOX Off-gas MSW Scrap Metal H 2 O Boiler Ash Bottom Ash WASTE WATER TREATMENT Waste Water ESP-Ash Water Alkaline Process Water Acidic Process Water ESP... electrostatic precipitator Filter Cake Source: SGP-VA Partitioning of Cadmium in waste incineration fluegas <1g MSW 1000 g Cadmium ESP dust 920+20g bottom ash 80+20g waste water <1g filter cake <10g
Waste composition measured on Spittelau incinerator 20.0 Cd Concentration [mg/kg] 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Feb 00 Mrz 00 Apr 00 Mai 00 Jun 00 Jul 00 Aug 00 time [month] Sep 00 Okt 00 Nov 00 Dez 00 Thank you
Average mass fluxes of goods associated with the activity to nourish in a Swiss household food respiration transpiration 1700 / 140 430 / 3700 700 / 70 0 / 110 human body kitchen 50 / 10 100 / 490 450 / 20 270 / 2600 feces urine mass/ dry matter [kg/c.a] phosphorus / nitrogen [g/c.a] garbage 100/ 20 40 / 300 sewage 400 / 20 20 / 200 total food wastes to sewering sstem system 900 / 50 390 / 3290 to STP to MSW treatment