Chapter 9: Economic Geography, Agriculture and Primary Activities
Oil tanker indicating increasing economic interdependence
Categories of Activities
Primary Activities: related to harvesting or extracting something from the earth
Primary Activities Hunting and gathering Subsistence agriculture Nomadic herding Extractive industries (forestry, mining)
Secondary Activities: add value to raw materials by changing their form
Secondary Activities Manufacturing Processing (freezing, canning) Construction
Primary and secondary activities. Wood harvesting and paper mill.
Tertiary Activities: provide goods and services to secondary activities such as banking, real estate and health care.
Tertiary Activities Retail and wholesale Personal and professional services
Planned Economy: Production and prices are controlled by the government
Planned Economies Found in Communist countries Goals include the adequate production of food and the equal distribution of wealth Profit by individuals is limited or eliminated
Vendors in China: Planned Economy with Free Market Elements
Collective Farm in Siberia
Collective Farms in the former Soviet Union
Collective Farms in North Korea
Gross national income compared to purchasing power
Informal economies involve about 40% of jobs in Latin America
Subsistence Economies Intensive: cultivation of small holdings Extensive: involves use of large areas of land
Subsistence Economies
Subsistence Agriculture Hunting and gathering Nomadic herding Shifting cultivation Intensive rice farming
Hunting
Gathering of roots, nuts, and berries
Nomadic Herding: Camels in Niger
Nomadic Herding: Sheep in Bolivia
Nomadic Herding: Cattle in Africa
Nomadic Herding: Reindeer in Lapland
Nomadic Herding: Yak in Central Asia
Shifting Cultivation: The Process Trees are girdled during dry season The forest is burned Ash is used as fertilizer Crops are planted for about five years Family moves to a new area
Slash and Burn or swidden agriculture in rainforest regions
Slash and Burn: Amazonia
Slash and Burn: Amazonia
Rice Farming: Southern Asia
Terracing Yunnan province, China
von Thünen s Model
von Thünen s Model Costs near cities are higher. Farm products tend to be of higher value. Costs distant from cities are lower. Farm products tend to be of lower value.
Commercial Agriculture: Farming for profit, usually highly mechanized Switchgrass harvested for energy production Sugar beet harvester
Modern Irrigation Systems
Agricultural Regions of North America
U.S. Farm Regions New England, Great Lakes: Dairy Florida, California coasts: Truck farming Midwest: Corn Belt Great Plains: Wheat
Intensive Commercial Agriculture Truck farming Livestock-grain farming
Truck Farming: Lettuce and carrots
Truck Farming: Strawberries
Truck Farming: Tomatoes
Truck Farming: Cabbage
Truck Farming: Apple orchard and blueberries
The Corn Belt: Midwestern U.S.
Iowa: Open Storage of Corn
The Corn Belt: centered in the Midwestern U.S.
Poultry and livestock farming
Dairy Farming: Northeast and Great Lakes
Chickens and hogs
Extensive Commercial Agriculture Wheat farming Livestock ranching
Range Livestock: Cattle India Ireland
Large-scale Grain: Wheat and oats
Wheat Production in the U.S. is concentrated in the Great Plains
Special Crops Mediterranean Agriculture: crops that prefer long growing season and can tolerate drought Plantation Agriculture: high value crops commonly grown in tropical wet climates for export
Special Crops/Livestock Ranching
Mediterranean Agriculture: Grapes
Mediterranean Agriculture: Olives
Mediterranean Agriculture: Figs and Dates
Mediterranean Agriculture: Citrus Fruits
Plantation Agriculture: Tea
Plantation Agriculture: Coffee
Plantation Agriculture: Bananas
Plantation Agriculture: Cacao
Plantation Agriculture: Rubber
Sugar being loaded for export in the Philippines
The Southeast: Cotton
Cotton Production in the U.S.
The Southeast: Tobacco
Tobacco Production in the U.S.
Peanuts in the U.S.