Japan s Nuclear Emergency -Update - April 6, 2011 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Government of Japan
Table of Contents A. Japan Faces an Unprecedented Challenge (Enormous Earthquake, Tsunamis and Nuclear Accident) 1. Damages 2. Rescuing Efforts and Foreign Assistance 3. Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station B. Key Challenges 1. Cool Down the Reactors 2. Contain Spreads of Radioactive Substances (sea, soil and atmosphere) 3. Rigorous and Intensive Monitoring 4. Ensure the Safety of Food, Drinking Water and On-site Workers C. Impact on Japanese Economy 1. Estimated Economic Damages and Plan for Reconstruction 2. Impact on Energy Supply/Demand in Japan D. Responsiveness to the World 1. Cooperation with International Organizations 2. Speedy Dissemination of Accurate Information 1
A. Japan Faces an Unprecedented Challenge (Enormous Earthquake, Tsunamis and Nuclear Accident) 1. Damages 2. Rescuing Efforts and Foreign Assistance 3. Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station 2
A. Japan Faces an Unprecedented Challenge (Enormous Earthquake, Tsunamis and Nuclear Accident) Tsunamis 14 meters or higher Earthquakes: M - 9.0 quake (March 11) M - 7 class 3 times M - 6 class 61 times M - 5 class 317 times TOKYO Fukushima Dai-ichi 1. Casualties : over 27,000 Dead : over 12,000 Missing : over 15,000 2. Refugees : over 160,000 000 (As of April 3 rd ) 3
Nuclear Reactors Near Epicenter of the Earthquake 4 Nuclear Power Stations with 14 Units Onagawa Unit 1 524 MW, 1984- Unit 2 825 MW, 1995- Unit 3 825 MW, 2002- Fukushima Dai-ichi Unit 1 460 MW, 1971- Unit 2 784 MW, 1974- Unit 3 784 MW, 1976- Unit 4 784 MW, 1978- Unit 5 784 MW, 1978- Unit 6 1,100 MW, 1979- Fukushima Dai-ni Unit 1 1,100 MW, 1982- Unit 2 1,100100 MW, 1984- Unit 3 1,100 MW, 1985- Unit 4 1,100 MW, 1987- Tokai Dai-ni Unit 1 1,100 MW, 1978- automatic shut down Periodical inspection cold shut down 4
1. Damages KYODO NEWS KYODO NEWS NOAA/US Dept of Commerce, http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/ 5
2. Rescuing Efforts and Foreign Assistance Japan deeply appreciates the assistance offered from 134 countries and regions and 39 international organizations (Rescue teams were sent from 19 countries and region) KYODO NEWS Ministry of Defense US Navy/US Pacific Command (Operation Tomodach) 6
3. Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station Before the Earthquake and Tsunamis After the Earthquake and Tsunamis TEPCO Air Photo Service Inc (Myoko, Niigata Japan) 7
3. Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station Evacuation Cause of the Damage Grid Line Fukushima Dai-ichi ichi NPS 1 Loss of Offsite Power due to the Earthquake Fukushima Dai-ni NPS Reactor Building Tsunami (estimated 14m) Turbine Building About 20M About 40M Diesel Generator Seawater level Seawater Pump Elevation: about 10m 2 Diesel Generator Inoperable due to the Tsunami All Motion Operated Pumps including ECCS became Inoperable 8
B. Key Challenges 1. Cool Down the Reactors 2. Contain Spreads of Radioactive Substances (sea, soil and atmosphere) 3. Rigorous and Intensive Monitoring 4. Ensure the Safety of Food, Drinking Water and On-site Workers 9
1. Cool Down the Reactors (As of April 4) 10
1. Cool Down the Reactors (Unit 1) (As of 6:00 April 3rd, 2011) Injection Damaged Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System Fuel Bundle 400 Spent Fuel in the Pool 292 + 100 (new) Injecting Fresh water or Seawater Major Events Mar.12- Venting started Mar.12- Hydrogen explosion Mar.12- Seawater injection to reactor core Emergency Diesel Generator Residual Heat Removal System TEPCO Damaged Recovered External Power (Mar.24- connected to the central control room) Mar.25- Fresh water injection to reactor core Mar.31- Fresh water spray by concrete pump trucks 11
1. Cool Down the Reactors (Unit 2) (As of 6:00 April 3rd, 2011) Injection Damaged Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System Fuel Bundle 548 Spent Fuel in the Pool 587 + 28 (new) Injecting Fresh water or Seawater Major Events Mar.13- Venting started Mar.14- Seawater injection to reactor core Emergency Diesel Generator Residual Heat Removal System Ministry of Defense Damaged Possible damage of the suppression chamber Recovered External Power (Mar.26- connected to the central control room) Mar.15- Sound of explosion Mar.20- Seawater injection to spent fuel pool (SFP) Mar.26- Fresh water injection to reactor core Apr. 1-Fresh water injection to SFP 12
1. Cool Down the Reactors (Unit 3) (As of 6:00 April 3rd, 2011) Injection Damaged Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System Fuel Bundle 548 Spent Fuel in the Pool 514 + 52 (new) Injecting Fresh water or Seawater Emergency Diesel Generator Residual Heat Removal System TEPCO Damaged Recovered External Power (Mar.22- connected to the central control room) Major Events Mar.13- Venting started Mar.13- Seawater injection to reactor core Mar.14- Hydrogen explosion Mar.17- Seawater discharge by helicopters and sprayed to spent fuel pool (SFP) Mar.25- Fresh water injection to reactor core Mar.29- Fresh water spray by concrete pump trucks to SFP 13
1. Cool Down the Reactors (Unit 4) (As of 6:00 April 3rd, 2011) Injection Damaged Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System Fuel Bundle 548 Spent Fuel in the Pool 1331 + 204 (new) No Fuel in Reactor Pressure Vessel Major Events Mar.15- Fire occurred Mar.16- Fire occurred. Mar.20- Seawater spray by Self- Defense Forces to spent fuel pool (SFP) Mar.25- Seawater injection to SFP TEPCO Recovered Apr. 1- Fresh water spray by concrete pump trucks to SFP External Power (Mar.29- connected to the central control room) 14
1. Cool Down the Reactors (Unit 5&6) (As of 6:00 April 3rd, 2011) Functioning Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System Fuel Bundle Unit5 : 548 Unit6 : 764 Spent Fuel in the Pool Unit 5 : 946 + 48 (new) Unit 6: 876 + 64 (new) KYODO NEWS Functioning Emergency Diesel Generator Residual Heat Removal System External Power 15
Other Nuclear Power Stations in the Tohoku Area Onagawa (3 Units) All units (Units 1-3) were immediately shut down automatically, then safely cold shut down. Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc Fukushima Dai-ni (4 Units) Onagawa Fukushima Dai-ichi Fukushima Dai-ni All units (Units 1-4) were immediately shut down automatically, then safely cold shut down. TEPCO 16
2. Contain Spreads of Radioactive Substances (sea, soil and atmosphere) The Japanese Government and TEPCO are making the utmost effort to prevent the dispersion of flow-out out radioactive contaminated water. Artificial basin Suppression pool water surge tank Unit 4 Unit 3 Locking in radioactive materials by spraying synthetic resin Unit 1 Unit 2 Major j Events Mar. 27 Stagnant water on the basement floor of the turbine of Unit2 and in the trenches found to be highly contaminated. Mar. 29 Stagnant water in the trenches and the turbine building transferred to the storage tank, then to the surge tank. Megafloat condensate storage tank Apr. 1 Highly contaminated water discovered leaking to the sea. 17
2. Contain Spreads of Radioactive Substances (sea, soil and atmosphere) Experts are making the utmost effort to prevent dispersing radioactive substances contained in dust, debris and vapor. Spraying synthetic materials on the surface of the ground and debris to prevent radioactive substances dispersion TEPCO 18
3. Rigorous and Intensive Monitoring TEPCO monitors radioactivity levels every ten minutes and releases the results immediately. Radioactivity levels rose on March 15th, but has since fallen and remain low. Monitoring posts and the readings at the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS Environmental Radioactivity Level at the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS Near West Gate 55.4 μsv/h Unit 1~6 (μsv/h) Explosion in Unit 2 Measurement point : 12,000 Main Gate (1.0km from Unit2) White smoke or West Gate(1.1km from Unit2) from Unit 3 4,000 Max. 2,000 Grayish smoke from Unit 3 Min. Mi Main Gate 124 μsv/h (as of 15:00 April 3rd, 2011) 0 ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar ar 11 M 12 M 13 M 14 M 15 M 16 M 17 M 18 M 19 M 20 M 21 M 22 M 23 M 24 M 25 M 26 M 27 M 28 M TEPCO 1 19
Readings at Monitoring Posts out of Fukushima Dai-ichi ichi NPS Readings at Monitoring Posts out of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS Fukushima Dai-ni NPS Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) 20
(μsv/h) 30 25 20 15 10 5 Atmospheric Readings within 100km Fukushima 61km 90km Max. (μsv/h) 30 25 20 Miyagi 90km 15 10 Min. 5 0 14 Mar 15 Mar 16 Mar 17 Mar 18 Mar 19 Mar 20 Mar 21 Mar 22 Mar 23 Mar 24 Mar 25 Mar 26 Mar 27 Mar 28 Mar 0 13 Mar 14 Mar 15 Mar 16 Mar 17 Mar 18 Mar 19 Mar 20 Mar 21 Mar 22 Mar 23 Mar 24 Mar 25 Mar 26 Mar 27 Mar 28 Mar 29 Mar (μsv/h) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 200km 100km Iwaki 43km Max. Fukushima Dai-ichi ichi Min. 13 Mar 14 Mar 15 Mar 16 Mar 17 Mar 18 Mar 19 Mar 20 Mar 21 Mar 22 Mar 23 Mar 24 Mar 25 Mar 26 Mar 27 Mar 28 Mar 29 Mar MEXT, Fukushima Prefectural Government 21
(μsv/h) 0.40 030 0.30 0.20 0.10 000 0.00 Hokkaido 630km Atmospheric Readings in Tokyo, Osaka and Sapporo Max. Min. 200km Fukushima Dai-ichi 100km 14 Mar 15 Mar 16 Mar 17 Mar 18 Mar 19 Mar 20 Mar 21 Mar 22 Mar 23 Mar 24 Mar 25 Mar 26 Mar 27 Mar (μsv/h) 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Osaka 400km Max. Min. (μsv/h) 0.40 Tokyo 230km 0.30 Max. 14 Mar 15 Mar 16 Mar 17 Mar 18 Mar 19 Mar 20 Mar 21 Mar 22 Mar 23 Mar 24 Mar 25 Mar 26 Mar 27 Mar 0.20 0.10 Min. 0.00 14 Mar 15 Mar 16 Mar 17 Mar 18 Mar 19 Mar 20 Mar 21 Mar 22 Mar 23 Mar 24 Mar 25 Mar 26 Mar 27 Mar MEXT 22
4. Ensure the Safety of Food and Water The Japanese government inspects radiation dosages every day, and prohibits distribution and consumption of food that fails to meet stringent criteria. Gun-ma Fukushima Tochigi i Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station Ibaraki Instructions (issued by Prime Minister on 21, 23 March 2011) Not to Distribute *Fukushima Prefecture Fresh raw milk Non-head type leafy vegetables and head type leafy vegetables (e.g. spinach) Flowerhead brassicas including turnip (e.g. broccoli, cauliflower) *Ibaraki Prefecture Fresh raw milk Spinach Parsley *Tochigi and Gun-ma Prefectures Spinach Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Not to Consume *Fukushima Prefecture Non-head type leafy vegetables and head type leafy vegetables 23 Flowerhead, brassicas 23
Safety of Farm Produce Fukushima Prefecture About 45Km Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS Samekawa Village Radioactive Contamination in Leafy Vegetables Guidance Levels for Radionuclides in Samekawa-village (Fukushima Prefecture) in Vegetables (bq/kg) Samekawa-village 21-Mar 24-Mar Japan EU IAEA * radioactive 5,900 1,200 2,000 2,000 3,000 iodine radioactive cesium 1,700 68 500 1,250 1,000 (Cs134) Source: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, EURATOM, IAEA *OIL(Operational Intervention Levels )6 : Locally produced food, milk and water have been screened, and all members of the public, including infants, children and pregnant women can safely drink the milk and water and eat the food during the emergency phase. 24
Safety of Drinking Water The Japanese Government has been implementing necessary measures based on its stringent criteria for radionuclides in drinking water, and monitoring radionuclide levels every day. Guidance Levels for Radionuclides in Drinking Water Radioactive Iodine(I131) in Drinking-Water in Tokyo (Kanamachi filter plant) (Bq/kg) radioactive iodine(i131) radioactive cesium Japan 300 (for babies) 100 200 EU 500 1,000 (Bq/kg) 300 250 200 150 100 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, EURATOM 0 50 Japan : 300 210Bq/kg Reco : babies not to intake tap water Japan (for babies) : 100 79Bq/kg Reco was llfted. Under detectable level 22 Mar 23 Mar 24 Mar 25 Mar 26 Mar 27 Mar 28 Mar 29 Mar Bureau of waterworks Metropolitan Tokyo Government *On March 23, the Japanese Government recommended that the residents in Tokyo area refrain from having their babies intake tap water, but it lifted the recommendation in two days. 25
Safety of On-site Workers The Japanese Government closely supervises on-site workers health conditions, limiting the level of their maximum exposure to radiation to 250mSv. No workers in Fukushima NPS have been exposed to 250mSv or more. On March 24, three workers exposed to more than 170mSv. were hospitalized, but were released four days later after no health problems were found. Emergency Dose Limit Workers Exposed to Radiation in Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS,as of March 31 (msv/year) JAPAN level of exposure number of workers emergency dose limit 100 250 (limit it raised for Fukushima emergency workers) more than 170mSv 17 more than 250mSv 0 Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, ICRP, 26
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) 27
C. Impact on Japanese Economy 1. Estimated Economic Damages and Plan for Reconstruction 2. Impact on Energy Supply/Demand in Japan 28
1. Estimated Economic Damages and Plan for Reconstruction Damaged Stocks in Disaster Areas * estimated by the Cabinet Office of Japan 16~25 trillion Yen (US$195~305 billion) (Reference) Japan s GDP : 500 trillion Yen (US$5.9 trillion) Recovery and Plan for Reconstruction *from the speech of Prime Minister Kan on April 1 Short-term: Clearing Debris, Erecting Temporary Housing, Rehabilitating Industrial Facilities Mid and Long-term: Disaster-Resilient, Eco-Friendly, and Welfare-Oriented City Planning Establishing Reconstruction Planning Council Compiling Supplementary Budgets 29
2. Impact on Energy Supply/Demand in Japan Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) normally supplies electricity to an area with a population of over 42 million producing almost 40% of Japan s GDP, but lost 40% of its generation capacity after the earthquake and tsunami. We are making the utmost effort to match supply and demand during the peak-load summer on both demand side (intensive energy saving and scheduled rolling blackouts) and supply side (capacity expansion of thermal plants). 60 (GW) Peak Demand 50 40 30 20 Peak Demand of the Month 52GW (Mar.11) Earthquake (Mar.11) 33GW (Mar.17) 31GW (Mar.14) 29GW (Mar.14) 45GW (Jul. 31) of the Month 10 0 Supply Capacity of TEPCO Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. 30
Energy Supply and Electricity Generation by Energy Source Total Primary Energy Supply Total Electricity Generation Nuclear 11% Hydro Renewable 3% 3% Coal 20% Hydro Renewable 1% 8% Coal 25% 21,735PJ (FY2009) LNG 18% Nuclear 29% 955TWh (FY2009) Oil 45% Oil 7% LNG 30% Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Energy Balance of Japan Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Current Situation of Electricity Development 31
Location of of Nuclear Power Stations in Japan 54 units (30 units of BWR and 24 units of PWR, total 49GW) in 17 sites * * * * Shika [2 Units] (Hokuriku EPC) Tsuruga [2 Units] (JAPC) Mihama [3 Units] Oi [4 Units] Takahama [4 Units] (Kansai iepc) Shimane [2 Units] * (Chugoku EPC) * Genkai [4 Units] (Kyushu EPC) * Tomari [3 Units] (Hokkaido EPC) * Kashiwazaki Kariwa [7 Units] (TEPCO) * * * Higashidori [1 Unit ] (Tohoku EPC) Onagawa [3 Units] (Tohoku EPC) FukushimaDai ichi [6 Units] (TEPCO) Tokyo * FukushimaDai ni [4 Units] (TEPCO) * Ikata [3 Units] Hamaoka [3 Units] (Shikoku EPC) (Chubu EPC) * * Tokai Dai ni [1 Unit] (JAPC) * Sendai [2 Units] (Kyushu EPC) 500km 32
D. Responsiveness to the World 1. Cooperation with International ti Organizations 2. Speedy Dissemination of Accurate Information 33
Cooperation with International Organizations International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) March 19, Joint Statements confirmed - No Restrictions on Air Travel to Japan - International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) International Maritime Organization (IMO) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) International flight and maritime operations can continue normally into and out of Japan s major airports and sea ports, excluding those damaged by the tsunami. Screening for radiation of international passengers from Japan is not considered necessary at this time. Currently available information indicates that increased levels have been detected at some airports, but these do not represent any health risk. World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Statements from above Five Organizations http://www2.icao.int/en/newsroom/lists/news/attachments/37/pi O.05.11.EN.pdf 34
Japan s Countermeasures Speedy Dissemination of Accurate Information Japan is committed to the speedy dissemination of accurate information. All necessary information are available below. 1.http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/incident/index.html 2.http://www.meti.go.jp/english/index.html 3.http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/ Measurement of Radioactivity Doses 1.http://www.mext.go.jp/english/radioactivity_level/detail/1303986.htm 2.http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/ 3.http://www.worldvillage.org/fia/kinkyu_english.php Water Safety 1.http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/2011eq/index.html 2.http://www.waterworks.metro.tokyo.jp/press/shinsai22/press110324-02-1e.pdf Food Safety 1.http://www.maff.go.jp/e/index.html 2.http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/2011eq/index.html Ports and dairports Safety 1.http://www.mlit.go.jp/kowan/kowan_fr1_000041.html 2.http://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/koku_tk7_000003.html 35