Fuel Cell and Hydrogen: the post-fukushima Strategy

Transcription

1 1 Fuel Cell and Hydrogen: the post-fukushima Strategy Rodolfo Taccani Sesto Val Pusteria 2016

2 Content and Objectives Content Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Basics of Nuclear Power Plants operating principles Japan power mix before and after Fukushima Hydrogen and fuel cells Objectives Continue (complete) the analysis of power plants Futher illustrate the potential of distributed generation Sesto

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5 Takahama (Kansai EPCO) Takahama Town, Fukui Pref. 11,064 (11,630) 4 X PWR (2 X 826MW; 2 X 870MW) None operating. Ōi (Kansai EPCO) Ōi Town, Fukui Pref. Pop.: 8,582 (9,217) 4 X PWR (2 X 1175MW; 2 X 1180MW) None operating. Mihama (Kansai EPCO) Mihama Town, Fukui Pref. Pop.: 8,077 (8,462) 3 X PWR (340MW, 500MW, 826MW) None operating. Tsuruga (Japan Atomic Power Company) Tsuruga City, Fukui Pref. 67,765 (68,402) 1 X BWR (357MW); 1 X PWR (1160MW) None operating. (2 X ABWR; Under construction 2016/17; 2 X 1538MW) Monju (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) Tsuruga City, Fukui Pref. 67,765 (68,402) 1 X Fast Breeder Reactor (280MW) Restarted in 2010 after accident shutdown in Fugen (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) Tsuruga City, Fukui Pref. 67,765 (68,402) 1 X Advanced Thermal Reactor (165MW) Shut down and awaiting decommissioning. Shimane (Chugoku EPCO) Matsue City, Shimane Pref. Pop.: 193,331 (196,603) 2 X PWR (1 X 460MW; 1 X 820MW) (1 X PWR Planned 2011; 1373MW) None operating. Genkai (Kyūshū EPCO) Genkai Town, Saga Pref. Pop.: 6,379 (6,738) 4 X PWR (2 X 559; 2 X 1180MW) None operating. Sendai (Kyūshū EPCO) Satsumasendai Town, Kagoshima Pref. Pop.: 99,558 (102,370) 2 X PWR (2 X 890MW) None operating. (Planned 1 X APWR , 1590MW) Eurasian Plate Japan s Nuclear Power Stations in March 2012 (JAIF Website) Tomari (Hokkaido EPCO) Tomari Village, Hokkaido, Pop: 1,882 (2,185) 3 X PWR: 2 X 579MW; 1 X 912MW MOX. 1XPWR operating. Higashidōri (Tōhoku EPCO/Tokyo EPCO) Higashidōri Village, Aomori Pref. Pop.: 7,253 (8,042) 1 X BWR: 110MW (Tōhoku EPCO) Emergency shutdown, 11 March Not restarted. (1 X ABWR Planned ; 138.5MW)(Tōhoku EPCO), (2 X ABWR Planned 2017/19, 2 X 1,385MW)(Tokyo EPCO) Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (Tokyo EPCO) Kashiwazaki City and Kariwa Village, Niigata Pref. Pops. 91,463/4,802 (94,648/4,806) 5 X BWR (5 X 1100MW) 2 X ABWR (1356MW) 1XABWR Operating. Shika (Hokuriku EPCO) Shika Town, Ishikawa Pref. Pop.: 22,228 (23,790) 1 X BWR (540MW) 1 X ABWR (1206MW) None operating. M7.2, 13/01/1995 Ikata (Shikoku EPCO) Ikata Town, Ehime Pref. Pop.: 10,880 (12,095) 3 X PWR (2 X 566MW; 1 X 890MW) None operating. Kaminoseki (Chugoku EPCO) Kaminoseki Town, Yamaguchi Pref. Pop.: 3,332 (3,706) (2 X ABWR Planned 2 X 1373MW) M8+, Expected M6.6 16/07/2007 M6.9 23/10/2004 M7.0 11/04/2011 M7.9, 01/09/1923 Philippine Plate Hamaoka (Chubu EPCO) Omaezaki City, Shizuoka Pref. Pop.: 34,700 (35,272) 4 X BWR (1 X 540MW; 1 X 840MW; 1 X 1100MW; 1 X 1137MW) 1 X ABWR (1267MW) All shut down. Prime Minister s request, May North American Plate M7.7 11/03/2011 M7.1, 07/04/2011 Ōma (J-Power) Ōma Town, Aomori Pref. Pop.: 6,340 (6,212) (1 X ABWR Planned ; 1,383MW MOX) Onagawa (Tōhoku EPCO) Onagawa Town, Miyagi Pref.Pop.: 10,051 (10,723) 3 X BWR (1 X 524 MW; 2 X 825MW) None operating, Emergency shutdown, 11 March Namie-Odaka (Tōhoku EPCO) Minamisoma City / Namie Town, Fukushima Pref. Pops. 70,895/20,908 (72,837/21,615) (1 X ABWR Planned 2021; 825MW) M7.4, 11/03/2011 M7.2, 09/03/2011 M9.0, 11/03/2011 M7.5, 11/03/2011 Pacific Plate Fukushima Daiichi (Tokyo EPCO) Okuma and Futaba Towns Pops. 11,511/6,932 (10,992/7,170) 6 X BWR (1 X 460MW; 4 X 784MW 1 X MOX; 1 X 1100MW) None operating. All disabled, 11 March All to be decommissioned. (2 X ABWR Planned 2016/17; 1380MW. Cancelled: April 2011) Fukushima Daini (Tokyo EPCO) Naraha and Tomioka Towns, Fukushima Pref. Pops. 7,701/15,996 (8,188/15,910) 4 X BWR (4 X 1100MW) None operating. Emergency shutdown, 11 March Tōkai and Tōkai Daini (Japan Atomic Power Co.) Tōkai Village, Ibaraki Pref. Pop.: 37,430 (35,450) Tōkai: Magnox (159MW), Decommissioned. Tōkai Daini: BWR (1060MW). Not operating, emergency shutdown, 11 March Jōyō (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) Ōarai Town, Ibaraki Pref. Pop.: 18,331 (19,205) Experimental FBR X 1 (140MW) Current Status unknown. Not commercially operating. Sesto 2016 (1 X ABWR Planned 2020; 1400MW). 5

6 Minamisanriku town, Miyagi Prefecture before the tsunami (2001). [Sankei Books] Sesto

7 Minamisanriku town, Miyagi Prefecture after the tsunami (27 March 2011). [Sankei Books] Sesto

8 NPP DAIICHI before the earthquake Sesto

9 [IAEA] Sesto

10 Boiling Water Reactors [IAEA] Sesto

11 Steam power plant 11 Same principle for nuclear as well! Sesto Energia per il domani. R. Taccani... Sesto, 2016

12 Boiling Water Reactors [IAEA] Sesto

13 [IAEA] Sesto

14 Chernobyl Sesto

15 Total black-outs Sesto

16 After the disaster: the months following 11 March 2011 The Government s Immediate Response 11 April 2011 PM Naoto Kan established three principles for recovery. to create a regional society that is highly resistant to natural disasters [SAFE], to establish a social system that allows people to live in harmony with the global Environment [SUSTAINABLE], and to build a compassionate society that cares about people, in particular, the Vulnerable [COMPASSIONATE]. Sesto

17 Sesto

18 Which alternatives? Japan Bets on a Hydrogen-Fueled Future /03/08 Wind power to produce hydrogen in Fukushima Sesto

19 Electrical efficiency [%] Power Plant Efficiency Hybrid Cycles (GT+FC) CCGT Fuel cells Steam Turbine Stirling engine GT AD GT HD Micro GT ICE Plant size [kw] Sesto

20 Why fuel cells? High efficient distribute solution (CHP) Near elimination of pollutants, particulates and noise Substantial CO2 reduction Driver of distributed generation Reducing transmission losses Enabler for more renewables in the power mix Reduced primary energy consumption Sesto

21 Co-generation concept Sesto

22 What is a fuel cells? Fuel cell is an electrochemical energy converter. It converts chemical energy of fuel (H 2 ) directly into electricity. Fuel cell is like a battery but with constant fuel and oxidant supply. heat hydrogen oxygen FUEL BATTERY CELL _ + DC electricity water 22

23 What is a fuel cells? Sir Grove 1842 Sesto

24 What is a fuel cells? Fuel cell is an electrochemical energy converter. It converts chemical energy of fuel (H 2 ) directly into electricity. hydrogen electrode electrolyte oxygen electrode water 24

25 What is a fuel cells? porous electrode proton exchange membrane catalyst layer porous electrode 25

26 Actual fuel cell system back-pressure regulator DC/DC inverter hydrogen tank heat exchangers main load - propulsion motor air humidifier fuel cell stack air compressor battery water tank water pump 26

27 Distributed cogeneration Panasonic 27

28 Toyota Mirai Manufacturer Production Toyota Mirai (series JPD10) Toyota Mirai Overview Toyota 2015-present Assembly Japan: Toyota, Aichi (Motomachi plant) [1] Class Body style Layout Related Electric motor Transmission Body and chassis Mid-size Powertrain 4-door sedan Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout Toyota FCV concept Fuel cell-powered 113 kw (152 hp) 335 N m (247 lbf ft) [2] 1-speed Battery 1.6 kwh Nickel-metal hydride [3][4] Range 502 km (312 mi) (EPA) [5] Dimensions Wheelbase 2,780 mm (109.4 in) [2] Length 4,890 mm (192.5 in) [2] Width 1,815 mm (71.5 in) [2] Height 1,535 mm (60.4 in) [2] Curb weight 1,850 kg (4,078.6 lb) [2] Sesto

29 Fuel cells explotation: limiting factors System cost Current price: 2.5 milion of JPY/unit 25,000 /unit Still very expensive Target Price Hiroshi Takami, Development of fuel cell at JX, 2011 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee Arlington, VA, Feb.17, Sesto

30 Hydrogen grid Sesto

31 Simulation model Develop a design/operation SW based support tool for assessing system annual performance as function of: o fuel cell system size and configuration o battery size o different household electric/thermal loads o integration with RES Sesto 2016

32 Considered system mchp FC systems + battery pack micro CHP system Heat power demand NATURAL GAS Fuel processor + Fuel cell stack Heat storage tank Auxiliary boiler Electric power demand GRID Power conditioning system Battery pack Import/export of electricity Sesto 2016

33 Heat energy demand [kwh] El. energy demand [kwh] Thermal power demand [W] El. power demand [W] Household energy and power demand Annual energy demand Daily power profile Month [-] Time [h] o Typical European 100 mq single family dwelling o Total Electrical : 4,415 kwh/year o Total Heat : 12,412 kwh/year o Heat demand: hot water + heating o 12 typical days considered o 10 minutes time resolution Sesto

34 Cases considered HTPEM microchp system 1 kw HTPEM microchp system + battery 1 kw 3 kwh HTPEM microchp system + battery + PV array 1 kw 3 kwh 2.1 kwp Sesto

35 Result example Electricity demand profile Sesto

36 Result example Battery SOC Battery contribution Electricity demand profile FCS & battery AC delivered el. power FCS at minimum capacity Sesto 2016 MAX FC stack capacity 1 kw DC 36

37 Result example Battery SOC Battery contribution Electricity demand profile FCS & battery AC power Exported power Imported power Sesto, June 25,

38 Primary energy saving index [-] PES analysis Battery integration Battery integration increases the PES index Higher PES index when renewable energy sources are used microchp + PV + battery eta max microchp + battery microchp Electricity led strategy Sesto

39 Conclusions The optimal energy mix is not only a technical issue. Information and social acceptance are keys factors. Distributed generation, once more, seems to be an effective support to achieve energy sustainability. Lessons learned: distributed generation helps when facing emergencies (and can improve productivity) Fuel cell still one of the best candidates for distributed generation and transportation Sesto

40 Thank you for your attention! 40