Pk. J. Bot., 41(4): 1659-1665, 2009. EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE ON SEED BANK AND GROWTH OF WILD PLANTS IN DHABEJI AREA, KARACHI, PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD UZAIR *, MOINUDDIN AHMED ** AND KANWAL NAZIM * * Deprtment of Zoology, ** Deprtment of Botny Federl Urdu University of Arts Science nd Technology, Gulshn-e-Iqbl cmpus Krchi, Pkistn e-mil- m_uzirjoji@yhoo.com Abstrct An experimentl tril ws conducted t Dhbeji re to see the effect of chemicl industry wste (orgnic with hevy metls) on seed bnk of brren re of Dhbeji. An industril sludge nd its sh content were used in different concentrtions, 10Kg nd 20Kg sludge, 10kg nd 20kg sh respectively to see the effect on seed bnk, germintion nd growth of wild plnts. After rinfll 17 species ppered in control viz., Gynndropsis gynndr (L.) Briq., Aerv jvnic (Burm. f.) Juss, Zygophyllum simplex L., Tribulus terrestris L., Dctyloctenium scindicum Boiss, Chloris brbt Sw., Cyperus rotundus L., Indigofer cordifoli Heyne ex Roth, Slsol bryosm (R.& S.) Dndy, Indigofer hochstetteri Bker nd Heliotropium strigosum Willd, while remining 6 species viz., Diger murict (L.) Mrt., Amrnthus viridis L., Blephris sindic stocks ex T. Anders, Pnicum ntidotle Retz., Prosopis juliflor (Swrtz) DC. nd Leucen leucocephl (Lm.) de-wit were recorded in control nd treted plots. seedlings, height, fresh weight nd dry weight of these species were determined. It hs been observed tht showed better response on fresh weight nd dry weight of D. murict, A. viridis nd P. ntidotle while the sme tretment seemed to hve positive effect on germintion nd height of L. leucocephl. It is suggested tht this prticulr type of industril wste is toxic (due to hevy metls) to some species while some species showed better growth due to presence of orgnic mtter. Introduction Industril wste is min source of pollution for ll environments. It requires on-site tretment before dischrging on lnd (Emongor et l., 2005). The problems of disposl of industril wste whether solid, liquid or gs, ll three types of wstes hve the potentil of ultimtely polluting wter. This polluted wter, in ddition to other effects, directly ffects soil, not only in industril res but lso in griculture fields, s well s the beds of rivers, creting secondry source of pollution (Kisku et l., 2000; Brmn et l., 2000). Soil ecosystem ll over the world hve been infected by vrious nthropogenic ctions resulting in helth hzrds through food chin (Tu et l., 2000; Dhmni-Mueller et l., 2001; McGrth et l., 2002). Krchi is the lrgest industril city of Pkistn. In the production process of industries, lot of solids, semi-solid nd liquid wstes re generted tht my contin substntil mount of toxic orgnic nd inorgnic pollutnts nd if dumped in the environment without tretment then this my led to serious environmentl consequences. This will lso undoubtedly deteriorte soil productivity nd dversely ffect crop production in the surrounding lnd (Islm et l., 2006). Industril wste contining toxic hevy metls re rel problem to the environment, since they re not degrded like orgnic mtter nd persist in the ecosystem heving ccumulted in different tropic levels of the food chin (Smejklov et l., 2003; Igew et l., 2005).
1660 MUHAMMAD UZAIR KHAN ET AL., Since there is no scientificlly mnged lndfill site, industril wste being dumped in the vicinity of Krchi city (so clled uthorized dumping sites) in open designted res nd due to this prctice, the biodiversity of the re is being ffected. Beside most of the industries re illeglly dischrging untreted wste, contining toxic hevy metls in different undesignted open fields nd brren res of Krchi tht lso cretes hzrds for humn helth nd deteriorte the locl flor nd fun. Though under studied industril wste is not being spred illeglly on open fields, consequences need to be determined if they re spred in wild res. Physicl nd chemicl composition of the industril wste vries due to the nture of the industry. Therefore wste of ech industry should be tested chemiclly nd by biossy trils to see the effect on ecosystem. Bering these points in mind present investigtion ws crried out to observe the impct of the prticulr industril sludge nd sh on the nturl seed bnk, survivl nd growth of wild plnts in Dhbeji wild re. Mterils nd Method A field experiment ws conducted t Dhbeji re in order to evlute the effect of prticulr industril wste on seed bnk of brren soil nd growth of wild plnts. The tril ws lid out in RCBD (Rndomized complete block design) method. The field ws liented into 15 blocks nd the size of ech block ws 10 feet 2. In this study 5 tretments were used including control with three replictes. Industril wste ws collected from wste site of chemicl industry in the form of sludge. Chemicl nlysis of wste ws performed (Atomic bsorption PG 990) nd mount of hevy metls were detected. Dry sludge ws crushed in smll pieces by n ordinry electricl grinder nd ws burnt in the incinertor up to 900 o C until it is converted into sh. Tretments were used in different weight i.e., 10kg nd, 10kg nd 20kg sh respectively. These were brodcst in ll plots except control. These plots were left until the riny seson. After rin, number nd type of seedlings emerged in ech plot were recorded. Growth of these seedlings were observed upto four months then hrvested. Height, fresh weight nd dry weight of hrvested plnts from ech treted plots ws obtined seprtely. The dt were nlyzed sttisticlly (Steel & Torrie, 1984). Mens were compred by Duncn s multiple rnge test (Duncn, 1955). Results nd Discussion Seedlings of 17 wild species ppered in the control plots fter rin, while only 6 species were recorded in tretment plots. The species ppered in control were Gynndropsis gynndr, Aerv jvnic, Zygophyllum simplex, Tribulus terrestris, Dctyloctenium scindicum, Chloris brbt, Cyperus rotundus, Indigofer cordifoli, Slsol bryosm, Indigofer hochstetteri nd Heliotropium strigosum. Regrdless of the mount of wste, mong 17 only 6 species viz., Diger murict, Amrnthus viridis, Blephris sindic, Pnicum ntidotle, Prosopis juliflor nd Leucen leucocephl were recorded in treted plots. It seems tht seeds of bove 11 species could not germinte due to the toxicity of this prticulr industril wste. However other 6 species showed tolernce to this wste. Ech species hs its own physicl nd chemicl requirements nd industril wste my or my not suppress the germintion of certin wild species. The ppliction of both orgnic mteril nd minerl fertilizer in the field could be highly importnt nd my relese nutrients slowly nd grdully, which consequently ffect plnt growth (Ahmed et l., 2006).
INDUSTRIAL WASTE ON SEED BANK & GROWTH OF WILD PLANTS 1661 Prticulr industril wste is considered hzrdous due to presence of toxic hevy metls, though 90% of its composition bsed on wter nd orgnic mtters. Chemicl nlysis of this wste showed coblt (422.22 mg/kg), copper (3.22 mg/kg), nickel (3.22 mg/kg), led (25 mg/kg), zinc (8.12 mg/kg), mngnese (534.35 mg/kg), iron (1298.81 mg/kg), sodium (1169.38 mg/kg), clcium (315.55 mg/kg), luminum (34.10mg/kg) nd sulfur (700mg/kg). Ash contined higher mount of hevy metls due to incinertion of wter nd orgnic mtter from the wste. Tble 1 to 6 showed the effect of wste on 6 surviving wild species nd summrized dt by ANOVA. The number of seedlings, height, fresh weight nd dry weight of ech species is presented in these tbles. Tble 1 represents the number of seedlings, height, fresh weight nd dry weight of Diger murict under different tretments. Highest number of seedlings, 40±11 ws recorded in 20kg sh tretment, while lowest number of seedlings ppered in tretment. Higher mount of sludge reduced the seed germintion of this species while higher mount of sh promoted the germintion nd this effect ws significntly different. Though mximum height ws recorded in control, while mximum fresh weight nd dry weight were recorded in however, no significnt differences were recorded between the tretments. Response of Amrnthus viridis is shown in Tble 2. The mximum numbers of seedlings 9±4 were found in while fresh weight nd dry weight 630±429.22 nd 148.33±117.34 respectively were recorded in tretment. The lowest number of seedlings ws observed in both nd 20kg sh tretment. It shows tht high mount of sludge nd sh reduces the seed germintion while tretment showed better response over this species. Although mximum height ws found in 10kg sh but no significnt differences were found between tretments. Results of Blephris sindic re presented in Tble 3. Numbers of seedlings 27±6 were recorded in while mximum height 16.51±0.73, fresh weight 1153.33±363.79 nd dry weight 251.66±65.84 of this species were recorded in control. Minimum height, fresh weight nd dry weight were found in 20kg sh. It should be indicted tht showed better effect on seed germintion due to the presence of orgnic mtter, while 20kg sh showed dverse effect on the overll growth of this species. However mens showed no significnt difference mong tretments. Tble 4 shows the response of Pnicum ntidotle. The greter numbers of seedling 5±1 were recorded in 10kg sh tretments, while highest fresh weight nd dry weight were observed in. It is shown for this species tht height, fresh weight nd dry weight 15.24±7.75, 397.22±228.53 nd 112.83±45.74 respectively were reduced in 20kg sh. Though promoted the fresh weight nd dry weight 880±477.21 nd 278.14±197.66 respectively of the species but no significnt differences were observed mong tretments. Response of ANOVA for Prosopis juliflor is presented in Tble 5. Highest number of seedling nd height 26±7 nd 23.70±1.69 respectively were recorded in 20Kg sh tretment, while mximum fresh weight nd dry weight 76.66±14.52 nd 17.08±12.20 respectively were recorded when treted with 10Kg sh tretment. Lowest numbers of seedlings were found in control nd lowest height 10.16±5.08, fresh weight 43.75±23.66 nd dry weight 7±1.52 were observed in 10 kg sludge tretment. It shows tht low mount of sludge decresed the height, fresh weight nd dry weight while high mount of sh incresed the seed germintion nd height of this species. Though low mount of sh promoted fresh weight nd dry weight but no significnt results were obtined mong the tretments.
1662 MUHAMMAD UZAIR KHAN ET AL., Tble 1. Effect of Industril sludge nd sh on the men number of seedling, height, fresh weight nd dry weight of Diger murict (L.) Mrt. Tretments Men of 25 plnts b 22±3 28.36±1.84 641.71±184.09 116.37±30.66 b 26±1 26.67±0.73 1217.96±591.45 179.73±68.46 b 8±4 21.16±10.60 1766.66±1257.42 255±156.60 10kg sh b 19±5 24.97±1.12 870.69±192.00 175.37±101.59 20kg sh 40±11 27.94±1.46 703.92±96.48 129.64±18.22 LSD 18.95 15.68 2145.25 319.01 Tble 2. Effect of Industril sludge nd sh on the men number of seedling, height, fresh weight nd dry weight of Amrnthus viridis L. Tretments Men of 9 plnts 8±3 20.74±10.37 140.57±87.11 43.91±26 9±4 19.80±8.66 496.66±400.84 129.5±110.80 3±1 21.14±11.13 630±429.22 148.33±117.34 10kg sh 5±1 25.82±1.12 346.66±101.37 127.5±36.99 20kg sh 3±1 19.47±9.76 348.33±209.37 103±52.65 LSD 12.83 29.30 1014.61 276.96 Tble 3. Effect of Industril sludge nd sh on the men number of seedling, height, fresh weight nd dry weight of Blephris sindic Stock ex T. Anders. Tretments Men of 19 plnts 6±0 16.51±0.73 1153.33±363.79 251.66±65.84 19±12 16.08±0.42 517.47±177.54 137.17±13.21 27±6 15.51±0.23 750.82±142.29 153.65±50.02 10kg sh 16±7 15.00±0.30 750.21±494.40 139.22±83.54 20kg sh 24±3 14.39±0.84 476.54±75.19 113.1±48.18 LSD 21.27 2.11 926.02 173.39 Numbers followed by the sme letters in the sme column re not significntly different ccording to Duncn s Multiple rnge Test t p<0.05 level. ± Stndrd Error, g = Grm, cm = Centimeter
INDUSTRIAL WASTE ON SEED BANK & GROWTH OF WILD PLANTS 1663 Tble 4. Effect of Industril sludge nd sh on the men number of seedling, height, fresh weight nd dry weight of Pnicum ntidotle Retz. Tretments Men of 10 plnts 3±1 24.55±2.24 466.66±130.17 133.25±108.56 4±2 16.51±8.26 412.85±313.76 118.88±78.32 5±2 17.35±8.68 880±477.21 278.14±197.66 10kg sh 5±1 23.45±2.13 867.77±566.79 246.66±123.46 20kg sh 4±1 15.24±7.75 397.22±228.53 112.83±45.74 LSD 7.01 23.80 1278.24 411.59 Tble 5. Effect of Industril sludge nd sh on the men number of seedling, height, fresh weight nd dry weight of Prosopis juliflor (Swrtz) DC. Tretments Men of 20 plnts 7±2 20.32±0 65.83±36.29 14.00±6.26 12±6 10.16±5.08 43.75±23.66 7±1.52 20±11 19.38±1.93 54.85±16.98 12.57±7.67 10kg sh 12±3 21.59±2.19 76.66±14.52 17.08±12.20 20kg sh 26±7 23.70±1.69 48.80±14.72 7.91±5.60 LSD 23.85 9.82 79.47 22.58 Tble 6. Effect of Industril sludge nd sh on the men number of seedling, height, fresh weight nd dry weight of Leucen leucocephl (Lm.) de-wit. Tretments Men of 23 plnts 8±3 76.20±38.35 450±242.14 100±55.07 12±5 101.60±10.16 329.27±98.06 88.04±24.30 16±5 106.68±40.32 278.94±76.30 86.18±17.48 10kg sh 9±5 55.88±28.28 120±91.65 31.66±24.55 20kg sh 12±4 96.52±10.16 218.68±131.71 49.29±31.72 LSD 14.12 92.68 316.01 74.19 Numbers followed by the sme letters in the sme column re not significntly different ccording to Duncn s Multiple rnge Test t p<0.05 level. ± Stndrd Error, g = Grm, cm = Centimeter
1664 MUHAMMAD UZAIR KHAN ET AL., The Mximum number of Leucen leucocephl seedlings 16±5 nd height 106.68±40.32 were recorded in 20 Kg sludge, while highest mount of fresh weight nd dry weight 450±242.14 nd 100±55.07 respectively were observed in control Tble 6. The lowest height, fresh weight nd dry weight 55.88±28.28, 120±91.65 nd 31.66±24.55 were observed in 10 kg sh tretment. Low mount of sh decresed height, fresh weight nd dry weight while higher mount of sludge incresed the seed germintion nd height of this species. The highest mount of fresh weight nd dry weight were recorded in control but response of tretments showed no significnt difference. It is evident from the bove results tht industril sludge nd sh show both positive nd negtive effects on seed bnk depending on the type nd mount of wste nd kind of the wild species. It my be stted tht different species showed different response in different mount of prticulr sludge nd sh. It is suggested tht if this prticulr industril wste or even its sh, if thrown in open wild res, bove mentioned 11 nturl plnts would be eliminted becuse this wste seems highly toxic for their seed germintion. In contrst mong 6 surviving species Prosopis juliflor is highly tolernt, wide spred, hving wide ecologicl mplitude nd most ggressive lien species. Elimintion of 11 species by the prticulr industril wste, from the re will give more chnce to this lien species. Never the less it my be concluded tht this re would be dominted by Prosopis juliflor, therefore prompt ction (scientific lndfill sites) is required to stop spreding the industril wste on open field, which my lter the nturl vegettion nd promoting certin exotic species. Since physicl, chemicl composition, mount nd type of hevy metls vry in different industril wste, it is recommended tht ech industril wste should be tested by biossy tretments, to investigte its degree of toxicity. References Ahmed, R., A. Khlid, M. Arshd, Z.A. Zhir nd M. Nveed. 2006. Effect of rw (un-composted) nd composted orgnic mteril on growth nd yield of mize (Ze mys L.). Soil & Environment, 25(2): 135-142. Brmn, S.C., S.K. Shu, S.K. Bhrgv nd C. Chtterjee. 2000. Distribution of hevy metls in whet, mustrd nd grown in field irrigted with industril effluent. Bulletin of Environmentl nd Contmintion Toxicology, 64: 489-496. Dhmni-Mueller, H., F. Vn nd M. Blbne. 2001. Metl extrction by Arbidopsis hlleri grown on n unpolluted soil mended with vrious metl-bering solids: pot experiment. Environment Pollution, 114: 77-84. Duncn D.B. 1955. Multiple rnge nd multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Emongor, V., E. Nkegbe, B. Kelotswe, I. koorpetse, S. Snkws nd S. Keiknetswe. 2005. Pollution Indictors in Gborone industril effluent. Journl of Applied Sciences, 5(1): 147-150. Igwe, J.C., I.C. Nnorom nd B.C.G. Gbruko. 2005. Kinetics of rdionuclides nd hevy metls behviour in soils: Implictions for plnt growth. Africn Journl of Biotechnology, 4(B): 1541-1547. Islm, M.O., Md. H.R. Khn, A.K. Ds, M.S. Akhtr, Y. Oki nd T. Adochi. 2006. Impcts of industril effluents on plnt growth nd soil properties. Soil & Environment, 25(2): 113-118. Kisku, G.C., S.C. Brmn nd S.K. Bhrgv. 2000. Contmintion of soil nd plnts with potentilly toxic elements irrigted with mixed industril effluent nd its impct on the environment. Wter Air nd soil Pollution, 120 (1-2): 121-137. McGrth, S.P., F.J. Zho nd E. Lombi. 2002. Phytoremedition of metls, metlloids nd rdionuclides. Advnces in Agronomy, 75: 1-56
INDUSTRIAL WASTE ON SEED BANK & GROWTH OF WILD PLANTS 1665 Smejklov, M., O. Miknov nd L. Boruvk. 2003 Effect of hevy metl concentrtion on biologicl ctivity of soil microorgnisms. Plnt Soil Environment, 49(7): 321-326. Steel, R.G.D nd J.H. Torrie. 1984. Principles nd procedures of Sttistics. McGrw Hill Book Co. Inc., Singpore, pp. 172-178. Tu, C., C.R. Zheng nd H.M. Chen. 2000. Current sttus of the soil-plnt system in Copper gngue re. Actul Pedol Sin (in Chinese) 37: 284-287. (Received for publiction 2 Jnury, 2009)