Croatia Energy efficiency report Objectives: About.5 Mtoe of end-user energy savings by 216 2 share of renewables in energy consumption in 22 Overview - (% / year) Primary intensity (EU=1) 1 98 + -2.1% + CO 2 intensity (EU=1) 16 - -1.8% - CO 2 emissions per capita (in tco 2 / cap) 4.5 ++ -1.5% -- Power generation - (% / year) Efficiency of thermal power plants (in %) 36-1.7% ++ Rate of electricity T&D losses (in %) 9 - -4.7% ++ CO 2 emissions per kwh generated (in gco 2 / kwh) 279 + -.9% - Industry * -* (% / year) Energy intensity (EU=1) 99 + -2.4% - Share of industrial CHP in industry consumption (in %) 1 - -4.4% -- Unit consumption of steel (in toe / t) 1.1 -- -3.5% ++ * and - for steel ++ Among best countries + Better than the EU average - Below the EU average -- Among countries with lowest performances Latest update: January 211 1 The European Union, as the best-performing region, is used as the benchmark. 1 Croatia Country reports
1. Overview 1.1. Policies: energy savings target of about.5 Mtoe for 216 Croatia adopted its National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the period -216, which lays down a final energy savings target of.47 Mtoe (5.47 TWh) in buildings, transport and small industries (excluding sectors under ETS) by 216. Croatia has made a commitment to include 2 percent of renewable energy in its total consumption by 22. 1.2. Energy consumption trends: rapid rise from a low base The country s energy consumption per capita is very low compared with European standards (around 2 toe/capita); in it was more than 4 percent lower than the EU average. Total energy consumption increased by 2.6 percent/year between and, but decreased in and (by about 9 percent over the two years) due to the global economic downturn. Between 199 and 1993 energy consumption decreased by almost 25 percent following the end of the Yugoslav federation and the creation of the country in 1991. Oil has a stable market share of 5 percent of overall consumption. Natural gas accounts for around 25 percent of the total, despite the fact that its share has decreased (from around 3 percent in the s). The use of hydroelectricity has increased from 1 percent in to 13 percent in. Coal and biomass represent 8 percent and 4 percent of total energy consumption, respectively. Figure 1: Total and final energy consumption trends Figure 2: Distribution of final energy consumption by sector 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Households -Services -Agriculture Transport Industry (including non energy use) Electricity consumption per capita was 3,7 kwh in, ie, 35 percent lower than the average for European countries. However, it has been increasing at a faster pace than in the rest of the region, especially since (by 3.3 percent/year). Electricity accounted for 2 percent of final energy consumption in, compared with 16 percent in. Electricity has increased at the rapid rate of 3.5 percent/year since. In it fell slightly, by.7 percent, due to a lower power demand from industry and the households and services sector. In, industry accounted for 27 percent of electricity consumption. Figure 3: Electricity consumption trends by sector 1 9 18 Mtoe 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Primary consumption Final consumption TWh 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Industry Others The households-services sector is the country s main energy consumer, followed by transport and industry (including nonenergy uses). In the share of industry stood at 3 percent, the share of transport at 32 percent and the share of the households and services sector at 37 percent. 1.3. Energy efficiency and CO 2 trends: falling energy intensity Total energy consumption per unit of GDP (primary energy intensity) has fallen by 1.8 percent/year since, ie, at a similar pace as the EU average (1.7 percent/year). That intensity, measured at purchasing power parity, stands just below Country reports Croatia 2
Croatia Energy efficiency report the EU average for. In general, total energy intensity decreased faster than final energy consumption per unit of GDP (final intensity) due to a reduction of power conversion losses. CO 2 emissions per unit of GDP (CO 2 intensity) decreased at a pace quite similar to that of total energy intensity over the period -, since the market share of fossil fuels remained relatively stable. Figure 4: Energy and CO 2 intensity trends Figure 5: Power generation by source 16 14 12 1 TWh 8 6 4 2 Other* Hydro Gas Oil Coal-Lignite. 199- - -.5% *Including biomass, geothermal and solar %/year -1. -1.5% -2. -2.5% Primary energy intensity Final energy intensity CO 2 intensity 2.3. Efficiency of the power sector: improvements in thermal plants The efficiency of the power sector is quite high because of the large share of hydropower in electricity generation; in it fluctuated around 5 percent in accordance with the availability of water. Since the efficiency of thermal power plants has risen by 5 percentage points thanks to the increase in gas combined cycle units, which accounted for 25 percent of the total thermal capacity in. 2. Power generation 2.1. Policies: 2 share of renewables by 22 The country aims to meet 2 percent of its energy needs from renewables by 22. In, a feed-in tariff scheme for renewables and cogeneration was adopted. Feed-in tariffs are approximately 64 kuna cents/kwh (1 kuna = US$19) for wind, and between 2.1 kuna/kwh and 3.4 kuna/kwh for facilities with capacities below 1 MW in the case of photovoltaic power generation. 2.2. Power generation trends by source: important role of hydropower Hydropower accounts for around 5 percent of electricity generation in Croatia. Its market share is dependent on the weather and on water supplies. Within thermal generation, the use of coal has increased significantly (from 3 percent in to 17 percent in ) while the market share of oil was scaled down from around 3 percent in to 13 percent in. Natural gas accounts for around 15 percent of total power production. Figure 6: Efficiency of power generation and thermal power plants 6 5 4 3 % 2 Total power generation 1 Thermal power plants 3 Croatia Country reports
Figure 7: Thermal electricity capacity, by technology Figure 9: CO 2 emission factor for power generation 2.5 5 Steam Gas turbines Combined cycles 45 2. 4 GW 1.5 1. gco ₂/kWh 35 3 25 2.5 15. 1 The rate of T&D losses has fallen by 5 percentage points since, following a large increase in the preceding years. However, it remains far above the European average. In, it was around 9 percent of the volumes distributed. Figure 8: Electric T&D losses 19 17 15 13 % 11 9 7 5 3. Industry 3.1. Policies: support for cogeneration In a feed-in tariff scheme for cogeneration plants was adopted. Tariffs vary depending on the capacity and the type of installation. 3.2. Energy consumption trends: growth of energy needs in industry Energy consumption in industry increased by 2.5 percent/year between and, ie, more rapidly than total energy consumption. In, the global economic downturn led to a 1 percent drop in the country s industrial energy demand. The sector s energy consumption decreased by almost 4 percent between 199 and following political turmoil in the country in 1991. Figure 1: Energy consumption of industry, by source 3. 2.5 The average CO 2 emission factor for electricity generation stands just below the EU average, at 33 gco 2 /kwh. Thanks to the market share of hydropower in power generation, the amount of CO 2 emitted per kwh generated is moderate. Mtoe 2. 1.5 1..5. The use of coal in industrial energy consumption has been stable since and in stood at 1 percent. Natural gas Country reports Croatia 4
Croatia Energy efficiency report and oil have maintained their shares and each represent around 3 percent of the sector s energy consumption. Electricity accounts for around 2 percent while the use of biomass, which in accounted for 4 percent of the total, is increasing. Energy-intensive industries account for more than half of the sector s energy consumption. The non-metallic minerals industry is the largest industrial consumer with around 35 percent of total industrial energy consumption; its market share has increased substantially (2 percent in ). The share of the steel industry decreased between and and now amounts to 3 percent of the total, compared with around 1 percent in. The chemical and paper industries have roughly maintained their market shares in industry s energy consumption, with 15 percent and 5 percent of the total, respectively. Figure 11: Energy consumption of industry, by source 3.3. Energy intensity trends: moderate energy intensity reduction Consumption per unit of industrial value added (energy intensity) decreased by less than 2 percent/year between and. The largest energy efficiency increase was seen in the steel industry, with a cut of 9.5 percent/year in the energy consumption per tonne of steel. The energy intensity in the chemical industry fell by 2 percent/year between and. Below-average decreases in energy consumption per tonne produced in the non-metallic minerals and paper industries were also achieved over the period (1.6 percent/year and.6 percent/year, respectively). Figure 13: Trends in the energy intensity of industrial branches 6. 4. 2.. Total* Steel Chemical Cement Paper 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Biomass Heat Electricity Gas Oil Coal/Lignite %/year -2. -4. -6. -8. -1. -12. - - *Including construction and mining Combined heat and power generation accounts for around 1 percent of industry s electricity consumption. That level is far below the average of EU countries and has been decreasing despite incentive measures to promote its development. Figure 12: Energy consumption of industry, by branch Figure 14: Share of industrial CHP in industrial consumption 1 25% 9 8 7 6 5 4 Other Paper Non metallic minerals Chemical 2 15% 1 3 2 Steel 5% 1 5 Croatia Country reports
Between and, the decrease in the energy intensity of the manufacturing industry (ie, excluding mining and construction) was due to effective increases in the sector s energy efficiency. The structural effect, which reflects the influence of changes in the structure of the industrial value added, was insignificant over the period. Thus, when calculated at constant structure the energy intensity decreased at the same pace of 2 percent/year over the period. Figure 15: Trend in energy intensity of manufacturing and structural effect 1. Real variation Change at constant structure Structural effect. - %/year -1. -2. -3. All information or data provided by Enerdata, in any form, is the property of Enerdata and is protected in each country by national laws governing intellectual property. All information or data provided by Enerdata is copyright protected, inclusive of material appearing in a hard copy format or electronically. Data provided by Enerdata are based on compilation and analysis of the best sources in the industry. Enerdata has agreements with those providers to use and publish this data. All pictures Copyright ABB Country reports Croatia 6