Biomass Conversion to Drop-in Fuels

Biomass Conversion to Drop-in Fuels

2 The world s largest technical ceramics company Over 3 Million Sq Ft Manufacturing Space Over 3500 Employees Over 7 million pounds/month ceramic material production capability Over 280 materials Aluminas, Zirconias, Carbides, Nitrides, Yttrias, + Metals & Plastics Over 10,000 customers Nearly 15,000 components Ceramic medical devices and components Advanced materials and electrochemical technologies Enabling sensor emission technology for clean combustion Integrated electrochemical systems utilizing ionic transport membrane technology Defense services and integrated composite armor solutions Integrated composite armor solutions exclusively for U.S. customers

Worldwide Presence Manufacturing Sales 47 facilities in 14 countries on 4 continents

Ceramatec Overview Founded 1976 Subsidiary Company of CoorsTek CoorsTek very large tech ceramic manufacturer & 100 year old U.S. company. Private. 140,000 ft 2 R&D and Mfg Facility Concept to commercialization R&D --> prototype --> pilot scale fabrication --> Core competencies: electrochemistry, ionic conducting ceramics, & advanced materials Customers 60% Fortune 100/500 Companies 40% Govt. 4

Technology Sectors Re-Chem CleanChem ChemStore Alkali-Chem PetroChem Na Recovery Fly Ash Treatment (zeolites) Caustic Prod. Rad Waste Treatment Bio surfactants Bio-hydrocarbon Green spec chemicals Disinfection Coatings Rechargeable Battery Li and Na batteries Fuel Cells Renewable O 2 & H 2 Gen. Na Methoxide Na & Li Alcoholates Metallic Na & Li NaHCO 3 Heavy Oil Upgrading H 2 Gen CO 2 to fuel Syngas to fuels & chemicals GTL Na 2 SO 4 processing 5

Applications Commercial Pilot Bench Biofuels CO 2 to Syngas GTL Organometallics Advanced Batteries Agro- chemicals Sensors Solid Electrolyte Ion Conductors oxygen Biofuels Disinfection Chemicals Hydrogen Waste Remediation Specialty Chemicals Alkali metals 6

Biofuel Gen I: Sodium Methoxide Manaufacturing 7

Gen II: Plasma Reformer for Biogas Conversion BENEFITS Plasma reformer /oxidizer 60kW Equivalent Fuel flexibility (operated on JP-8, F-76 & commercial diesel) Plasma catalyzed No solid or liquid reformation catalyst Unaffected by sulfur; No deactivation over time Very high reaction zone activity Compact reformer size Soot free operation Power requirements of non-thermal plasma equivalent to: 1.2% of fuel feed rate heating value Scalable Commercially Available Plasma Zone 8

Plasma Oxidation of Hazardous Gases Plasma Oxidizer Electrodes and Flange Oxidizers installed in Belgium Large Plasma Oxidizers to Kobe Steel 9

Plasma Reformer for Biomass Tars and Oils Installed at Western Research Institute

ASGC (F-T) Modular Reactor 11

Gen II: Distributed Oxygen Production ITM SEOS- point of use generation of high purity oxygen Oxygen Product, pressurized Ambient Pressure Air 3 liter/min Ceramic Stack Superior purity and excellent benefits with respect to cylinder oxygen. ITM Oxygen- Tonnage Oxygen Supply With 30+% Cost Reduction O 2 Product High Pressure Air Focused on a range of applications requiring tons-per-day of oxygen. Integrates well with high temperature processes. Multi-Wafer Ceramic Stacks Pilot Plant ITM Syngas- Tonnage Syngas, H2 Supply With 25+% Capital Reduction Product of Reaction Low Pressure Air 1 MMSCFD Throughput 24 KSCFD Throughput Focused on large applications such as gas-to-liquid fuels, H2, and gasification. 12

Wafers and Module Scale-up Progression Through 0.5 TPD ITM Oxygen Modules All-ceramic module 1996 1998 2000 2001 2005 Copyright 2007, Air Products and Chemicals, All Rights Reserved. 13

Gen II: Hydrocarbons from Biomass Chemistry: 2R-COONa --------- > R-R + 2CO 2 + 2e - + 2Na + Lipids from Algae, jatropha, microbial processes, tallow H 2 Evolution CO 2 Evolution Conversion to Na salts of fatty acids Biomass Feed Conversion to CDP Sodium Electrochemical Compounds Process Sodium Recycle Hydrocarbons 2R-COONa R-R + 2CO 2 + 2e - + 2Na + Decarboxylation to hydrocarbons No Hydrogen Addition Enables distributed manufacturing of infrastructure Compatible fuels More economical compared to hydro-treating Processes 14

Ceramatec s Biofuel Production Process Energy Security Completely renewable fuel Greenhouse gases reduction Lipids from Algae or woody biomass Ceramatec Process Biofuel (Diesel or JP8) Ceramatec Bio-refinery Scheme No hydrogen Lower cost Produces infrastructure compatible biofuels Modular scale up Suitable for distributed manufacturing No parasitic CO 2 generation as only input is renewable electricity Lipids from Algae or woody biomass Hydrogen Addition Biofuel Competing Processes Hydrogen not available on-demand Expensive (70 cents to $1.20 per gallon minimum) Relatively unsafe to operate Not suitable for distributed manufacturing Significant CO 2 generation from H 2 production Current Status Performed proof-of-concept work for DARPA (Biomass conversion to JP 8 (BioJet) Way Forward Optimization Scale up to a demonstration unit Feedstock variability Fuel finishing 15

Electrochemical Process Apparatus Anode CO 2 Cathode Hydrocarbon + solvent Ion transport Na recycle Na salt of fatty acid + solvent Na scavenger Dissimilar electrolytes on either side of membrane Lower power consumption because of salt usage Saponfication reagent (CH 3 ONa) regenerated in the cell Hydrogen gas generated in the catholyte Easy separation of products lends to continuous or batch process 16

10.318 15.574 - C8 12.286 - Cyclohexane Valerate to Octane 30000 Hexane (externally added) 20000 10000 Methanol Octane 0 0 5 10 15 20 Conclusion: Nearly 100% product selectivity i.e. Octane is the only product

Levulinate to Octane-dione Conclusion: Nearly 100% product selectivity i.e. 2,7 - Octanedione is the only product

STH SPW SMA 10.00 0.20 10000.00 Na Oleate Conversion to Hydrocarbon C5 1,750,000 µv FA18C5.1.DATA 1,700,000 1,650,000 1,600,000 1,550,000 1,500,000 1,450,000 1,400,000 1,350,000 1,300,000 1,250,000 1,200,000 1,150,000 1,100,000 1,050,000 1,000,000 950,000 900,000 850,000 800,000 750,000 700,000 650,000 600,000 C18 550,000 500,000 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0-50,000-100,000 RT [min] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 19

Na Oleate conversion to C34 Hydrocarbon C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C15 C16 560,000 µv FAC18.1.DATA Mix.5.DATA 540,000 520,000 500,000 480,000 460,000 C5 Acetone Sodium transport efficiency: 99% Product conversion efficiency: 80% 440,000 420,000 400,000 380,000 360,000 340,000 320,000 300,000 280,000 260,000 240,000 220,000 200,000 180,000 160,000 C18 C34 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0-20,000-40,000-60,000-80,000 Conclusion: The dimer is produced at high efficiency RT [min] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20

NaSelect Membrane Process Scalability 3-6 months 3-6 months Optimization (Key Step) 6 months Commercial Unit Pilot Unit 10 months Bench 2:Multi-Cell Pathway to Market: -Ceramatec- Tech - CoorsTek/SelectIon- Manufacturing -Company- End User Concept Dev. 21