Development of a Tissue Slice Culture Model for Prostate Cancer

Development of a Tissue Slice Culture Model for Prostate Cancer Hanneke van Zoggel, PhD Experimental Urology Erasmus MC ; JNI, Be 330 j.vanzoggel@erasmusmc.nl 3D workshop 23/24-09-2013

Create novel models that sufficiently represent tumor complexity = deconstruction 2D on Plastic 3D Spheroids 3D Co-culture 3D Bioreactor Tissue Slices Human tumor xenografts / GEMMs reconstruction 2

Create novel models that sufficiently represent tumor complexity = deconstruction 2D on Plastic 3D Spheroids 3D Co-culture 3D Bioreactor Tissue Slices Human tumor xenografts / GEMMs reconstruction Can a tissue slice represent the «steady state» of an in vivo tumor? 3

Overview part 1: development and characterization - Tissue slice technology - Culture conditions: rotation / floating / filter insert - Evaluation by immunohistochemistry - Live fluorescent viability evaluation - Luminescence as viability read-out part 2: manipulation - Establishment & utilization of live cell reporter assays - Lentiviral infection with m21 4

Overview Tissue Slicing Aim: Developing advanced & transferable tissue slice model for prostate cancer 5

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Comparisation of different cutting techniques Surgery knife Semi-automatic tissue slicer (Campden Instruments Ltd.) Automatic tissue slicer (Krumdieck) Automatic tissue slicer (Leica VT1200 S) Very thick slices Inconsistent in size and shape Inconsistent in size and shape Machine handling: Bad quality of slices not possible to observe the tissue during slicing slice area =? Slice quality (by eye) better than previous techniques Nicole Verkaik / Romana Nijman (dept. of Genetics) Area selection Direct quality impression Thin slices Consistent in thickness Minimal vertical deflection Instrument: easy fast safe small

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Floating Culture conditions: - floating / filter support - stagnant / rotation 65rpm Filter support Millipore Filters: - Millicell standing inserts - Biopore PFTE, 0.4 µm pore size, Ø 12mm 9

Culture conditions Ki67 staining PC310 (300 µm) : +/- filter support Not cultured (day 0) Floating Filter Support Day 2 Day 7 20x magnification 10

Culture conditions AR staining PC310 (300 µm) : day 3 Not cultured (day 0) Floating Filter support Stagnant Rotation 20x magnification 11

Culture conditions AR staining PC310 (300 µm) : + filter support not cultured (day 0) day 3 day 8 2.5x magnification 20x magnification No equal dispersion of AR expressing cells within tissue slices 12

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Immunohistochemical Evaluation PC310: + filter support Time in culture Day 0 Day 3 Day 7 H&E Ki67 20x magnification 14

Immunohistochemical Evaluation PC310: + filter support Time in culture Day 0 Day 3 Day 7 AR PSA ERG 20x magnification 15

Live Fluorescent Viability Evaluation PC346C: + filter Time in culture Day 0 Day 2 Day 7 TMRM = intact, active mitochondria Caspase-3 = apoptotic cells Confocal Zeiss Laser Scanning Microscope; 20x magnification 16

Structure and density of slice PC346C: + filter Day 2 Day 7 TMRM = intact, active mitochondria Caspase-3 = apoptotic cells Confocal Zeiss Laser Scanning Microscope; 20x magnification 17

Bioluminescence as Read-Out Viability Evaluation Luciferase Luciferin + ATP +O2 Mg2+ Oxyluciferin + AMP + Ppi + CO2 + Viable, healthy cells = ATP and luciferase expression luciferin conversion luminescent signal 18

Imaging of tissue slices from luciferase-gfp (m21) labelled xenografts VCaP cells infected with m21 xenograft formation in mice slicing infection m21 = lentiviral vector with luciferase-gfp fusion gene (ffluc2-egfp) driven by a CMV promoter (clone: R980-M21-685; Day et al., 2009) 19

Imaging of tissue slices from luciferase-gfp (m21) tagged xenografts VCaP-m21 IVIS Imaging System (Living Image 3.2; Caliper LifeSciences) - luciferin 2 days in culture + luciferin 6 days in culture + luciferin 20

Summary part 1: Leica VT1200S most appropriate for our purposes Rotation does not add to the tissue slice quality PC tissue slices (300 µm) cultured on filter inserts are viable for up to 7 days look more healthy and are more structured (higher cell density) present more proliferating cells present more AR, PSA and ERG expressing cells 21

Overview part 1: development and characterization - Tissue slice technology - Culture conditions: rotation / floating / filter insert - Evaluation by immunohistochemistry - Live fluorescent viability evaluation - Luminescence as viability read-out part 2: manipulation - Establishment & utilization of live cell reporter assays - Lentiviral infection with m21 22

Tissue slice infection with luciferase-gfp (m21) and imaging PC310 24 h after slicing m21 virus addition (during 48h) Imaging infection Also infection with: - gfp - trfp - Katushka (FP635 = near infra red) 23

Luminescent imaging of m21 infected tissue slices PC310 + m21 virus 2 days after infection [Medium:virus volume] 1 2 3 A 1:0 1:1 3:1 B 1:0 x 3:1 7 days after infection 24

Fluorescent imaging of m21 infected tissue slices PC310 + m21 virus 1:1 3:1 [Medium:virus volume] Normal fluorescent microscopy Green fluorescence (GFP) 5 days after infection 9 days after infection 25

Summary part 2: Proof of concept of tissue slice infection with bifunctional reporter fusion gene ffluc2/egfp (m21) Infection can be observed by luminescent activity (IVIS) by fluorescence (confocal microscopy) 26

Short term perspectives (1/2): - Manipulation of tissue slices - Standardized and validated lentiviral infection protocol - visualization and translation of infection efficiency on tissue slices for - reporter genes for the AP1 and AR pathways - AP1 and ARE-driven reporters (luciferase / GFP = m21) - reporter genes for the STATs, NFkB pathways - PSA reporter - Establish sirna transfection protocol 27

Short term perspectives (2/2): - Tissue slices as model for pathway perturbation - effect of androgen (R1881) - effect of antiandrogens (flutamide, bicalutamide and RD162/MDV3100) - effect of drugs (cmet-inhibitors, CYP17 inhibitors, kinase inhibitors,.) - Further optimize slice and culture technique - to extent culture time of PC tissue slices up to 10 days - Test other parameters for read-out measurements - medium components, cell secretions 28

Manipulation of tissue slices = Genetic modification of PC - reporter assays - gene knockout / overexpression Tissue slice manipulation - hormones - drugs Tissue Slices Human tumor xenografts / GEMMs 29

Manipulation of tissue slices = Genetic modification of PC - reporter assays - gene knockout / overexpression Tissue slice manipulation - hormones - drugs Tissue Slices Human tumor xenografts / GEMMs 30

Manipulation of tissue slices = Genetic modification of PC - reporter assays - gene knockout / overexpression Tissue slice manipulation - hormones - drugs Tissue Slices Human tumor xenografts / GEMMs 31

Tissue slice model for therapy prediction better predictability of cancer drug precision or personalized treatment Analyze markers / possible targets - protein level - RNA level Tissue Slices Tissue slice manipulation - hormones - drugs - other therapies 32

Acknowledgements Erasmus MC, Rotterdam www.predect.eu Urology Corrina de Ridder Debra Stuurman Sander Hoeben Agnes Boer Sigrun Erkens Mirella Vredenbregt Yin Versluis Wytske van Weerden Guido Jenster Servier, Paris Mike Burbridge Francisco Cruzalegui Pathology Arno van Leenders Marije Hoogland Esther Verhoef 33