Planning & Scheduling Dr. Nabil I. El Sawalhi Assistant Professor of Construction Management Chapter 3 1
Planning Successful Project Management depends on continues planning. The activities of Designers, Manufacturer, Suppliers & Contractors and all their resources have to be organized & integrated to meet the project objectives. Purpose of Planning: To persuade people to perform before delaying other people involved in the project activities. To provide a framework for decision making in the event of change. 2
Activity/Tasks Activities consume resources (materials, labor, Time, Equipment) which are the productive aspects of the project. Sequence of activities will be linked on a time scale to ensure that priorities are identified. It should be expected that a plan will change. Plans must be updated quickly and regularly. The plan should be simple and flexible to be understood & updated quickly 3
Six Methods of Scheduling Activity On Arrow (AOA) Activity On Node (AON) GANTT Chart (Bar Chart) Line of Balance Program Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT) Simulation (Mont-Carlo) 4
Networks AON Network Activity On Node AOA Network Activity On Arrow 5
Critical path method (CPM) CPM critical path method identifies those chains of activities in the project that control how long the project will take. the critical path can be defined as the longest possible path through the "network" of project activities There are two variations of CPM The traditional technique is called activity-on-arrow (Aon-A), or an arrow diagram, because the activities are represented in the network as arrows or lines. The alternative approach is activity-on-node (A-on-N); it s also called the precedence diagram. 6
Activity-on-arrow (A-on-A)/activityon- Node (A-on-N) Diagrams Activity-on- Node (A-on-N) Diagram have the following advantages on Arrow diagram: Flexibility since logic is defined in two stages. Dummy activities are eliminated. Revision and introduction of new activities is simple. Overlapping and delaying of activities is easily defined. Use of pre-printed sheets is possible. 7
Example 1. Set of Project Activities and Precedence use AON Task Predecessor a -- b -- c d e f g a b b c, d e 8
Stage 1 of AON Network 9
Stage 2 of AON Network 10
A Completed AON Network 11
Stage 1 of AOA Network 12
Stage 2 of AOA Network 13
A Completed AOA Network 14
A Completed AOA Network Using a Dummy Task 15
Example 2. Find the Critical Path and Critical Time Activity Predecessor Duration a -- 5 days b -- 4 c a 3 d a 4 e a 6 f b, c 4 g d 5 h d, e 6 i f 6 j g, h 4 16
Stage 1 of AON Network 17
Complete Network 18
Float Float is a period of time that will be used to adjust the timing of activity to obtain best possible use of resources. Total Float: is the difference between activities earliest and latest starts or finishes. Free Float: is the min difference between the earliest finish time of that activity and the earliest start time of the succeeding activity. 19
Start and finish Early Start (ES): the earliest time that an activity can start as determined by the latest of the early finish of all immediately preceding activities. Early finish (EF): The earliest time that an activity can finish. It is determined by adding the duration of the activity to the early start of the activity. Late Finish(LF): the latest time that an activity can be finished without dealying the project. Late Start (LS): the latest time that an activity can start without delaying the project completion. It is determined by subtracting the duration from the late finish of the activity. 20
Precedent notation Early Start(ES) Late Start (LS) Total Float (TF) Activity Name Duration(D) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish(LF) 21
Logical relationships between activities Four logical relationship do exist: Finish to start (FS):the successor task can t start until the predecessor task finishes. Start-to-Finish (SF): the successor task cannot finish until the predecessor task starts. Start-to-Start (SS): the successor can t start until the predecessor starts. Finish-to-Finish (FF) : the successor task can t finish until the predecessor task finishes. 22
Activities that have different early and late start times (i.e., ES(i,j) < LS(i,j)) can be scheduled to start anytime between ES(i,j) and LS(i,j) The concept of float is to use part or all of this allowable range to schedule an activity without delaying the completion of the project if E(i) + D ij < L(j), then some float is available in which to schedule this activity. 23
if one activity is allowed to float or change in the schedule, then the amount of float available for other activities may decrease 24
Example 25
Example Construct a precedence diagram assuming no research restrictions and calculate the minimum duration of project. Schedule the earliest and latest start and finish for each activity and show the critical path method. If activity F is extended to a duration of 15 days, what is the effect on critical path 26
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Precedence diagram 28
Traditional Statistics Versus Simulation Similarities must enumerate alternate paths Differences simulation does not require assumption of path independence 29