Stanford University Global Climate & Energy Project April 27, 2004 Introduction to the GCEP Biomass Workshop Richard Sassoon
Outline of Talk Workshop Objectives The The Gr Challenge The The GCEP Project GCEP Process for for Identifying Research Opportunities Research Questions Concerning Biomass April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 2
Workshop Objectives Collect input on on technology barriers research opportunities from internationally recognized experts in in the field of of biomass energy Inform Stanford research community other potential GCEP researchers on on how they can apply their expertise in in the biomass area Support GCEP in in formulating future directions for for the Project April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 3
Agenda 8:30 9:00 Welcome Introduction 8:30 GCEP Introduction Workshop Objective, Richard Sassoon, GCEP 9 11:15 Session 1: Biomass Resources Issues 9:00 Future Biomass Energy: A Global Climate Change Perspective, Steve Smith, Joint Climate Change Research Institute, U of Maryl PNNL 9:30 Photosynthesis, Algae, CO 2 Bio-Hydrogen, John Benemann, Institute for Environmental Management 10:00 10:15 BREAK 10:15 Energy Crop Resources Technologies, Lynn Wright, ORNL 10:45 Energy Crop Development through Genetic Engineering, Rick Meilan, Purdue University 11:15 12:15 Session 2: Biomass Biogas Combustion 11:15 Biomass Fuel Properties Their Consequences in Biomass Combustion Cofiring, Larry Baxter, BYU 11:45 Distributed Generation Engines/Turbines for Combustion of Biogas, David Thimsen, EPRI 12:15 1:15 LUNCH 1:15 2:45 Session 3: Biomass Gasification 1:15 Thermo-Chemical Biomass Gasification Technologies Products, Ralph Overend, NREL 1:45 Biomass IGCC at Varnamo, Sweden, Krister Ståhl, DucenteAB 2:15 Biomass Gasification Systems for Electric Power, Cogeneration, Liquid Fuels, Hydrogen, Eric Larson, Princeton University 2:45 3:00 BREAK 3:00 5:00 Session 4: Biological Technologies 3:00 Biogas Anaerobic Digestion: Fundamentals Applications, Ann Wilkie, University of Florida 3:30 Metabolic Engineering: Ethanol Chemicals, KT Shanmugam, University of Florida 4:00 Improved Cellulases for the Biorefinery, Colin Mitchinson, Genencor International 4:30 Panel Discussion on Research Opportunities 5:00 Concluding Remarks, Richard Sassoon, GCEP April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 4
The Gr Challenge Needs Growth Growth in in world world population to to 9 billion billion from from 6 billion, billion, of of which which 2 billion billion people people currently have have no no access access to to modern energy energy systems Improved stard of of living living in in growing economies of of developing world world Increased dems for for energy, energy, food, food, l, l, materials. Protection, Restoration, Improvement of of the the Planetary Biogeochemical Systems Component Challenges Water Water supply supply Agricultural systems (strongly linked linked to to water water supply) supply) Energy (with (with possible limits limits on on CO CO 2 2 emission) April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 5
Global Geochemical History 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Year Concentrations of of GHGs GHGshave risen risen significantly over over the the preindustrial levels. levels. Surface ocean ocean ph ph has has also also declined by by 0.1 0.1 as as additional CO CO 2 2 dissolved. Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001 April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 6
Four Glacial Cycles Recorded in the Vostok Ice Core April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 7
Future Projections Temperature Change ( C) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A1B A1T A1FI A2 B1 B2 IS92a (TAR method) Several models all SRES envelope Model ensemble all SRES envelope 1800 1900 2000 2100 Year Bars show the range in 2100 produced by several models IPCC 3 rd Assessment Report (2001) Projected Global Temperature Change April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 8
Global Geochemical Impact CO CO 2 in the has from 280 to 2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased from 280 to 370 370 ppm ppm since 1860. ph ph of of the the upper ocean has has decreased by by 0.1 0.1 Continuing debate about the the magnitude timing of of impacts of of greenhouse gases on on global climate. No No doubt that that human activities are are interacting with with planetary geochemistry on on a global scale. Major need for for research to to create energy options with with very very low low greenhouse emissions. April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 9
The Need for Technology Assumed Advances In: In: Fossil Fossil Fuels Fuels Energy Energy intensity Nuclear Renewables The Gap Gap Gap Technologies: Carbon Carbon capture & disposal Adv. Adv. fossil fossil H 2 Adv. 2 Adv. Transportation Biotechnologies Soils, Soils, Bioenergy, Bioenergy, Adv. Adv. Biological Biological Energy Energy Source: J. Edmonds, PNNL April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 10
The Need for a Major R&D Effort Consider a set set of of global energy systems that that emit emit very very small amounts of of greenhouses materials (CO (CO 2, CH 4, 2 O, 2, CH 4, N 2 O, black soot, others) to to eliminate the the gap : What What will will be be the the primary primary energy energy sources? How How will will supplies be be deployed, distributed? What What technologies systems can can be be applied applied effectively in in developing countries? What What barriers to to implementation will will have have to to be be overcome how howlong will will it it take? take? What What infrastructure will will be be required? How How will will we we deal deal with with questions of of safety, safety, environmental impact, impact, market market acceptance, cost? cost? What What research on on technologies can can help help eliminate these these barriers? April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 11
The GCEP R&D Program to Generate Technology Options The The Global Global Climate Energy Energy Project Project (GCEP) was was established to to conduct pre-commercial research necessary to to develop the the technology options options needed to to address the the gap gap It It represents a long-term commitment to to developing groundbreaking technologies that that may may have have a significant impact impact on on a global global scale scale $225M $225M commitment commitment over over a a tenyear tenyear period period External Institutions in US Worldwide Technology Options for Growth in Energy Use With Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions That May Operate at a Significant Commercial Global Scale April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 12
Mission Objectives Mission Fundamental, Pre-Commercial Research into into Technologies for for Growth Growth in in Energy Energy Use Use with with Reduced Greenhouse Gas Gas Emissions Objectives Identify Identify options options for for technologies with with impact impact at at a global global level level Identify Identify barriers to to large-scale use use Identify Identify potential solutions to to these these barriers Conduct pre-commercial research to to explore explore options, barriers potential solutions Communicate options, barriers, solutions, research April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 13
GCEP Strategy Focus Focus on on potential energy energy technologies that that may may be be truly truly game-changing with with respect respect to to greenhouse gas gas emissions Encourage high high risk/high reward reward research Address questions appropriate to to pre-commercial research Operate independently at at Stanford with with oversight from from Sponsors Use Use the the best best research talent talent available either either at at Stanford or or at at institutions around around the the world world Make Make all all data, data, results, results, other other information generated from from the theproject open open available to to all all Involve Involve institutions from from developing countries with with potential high high levels levels of of future future greenhouse gas gas emissions April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 14
Portfolio Areas GCEP mate includes 11 technical areas Advanced transportation systems Electric power generation, storage, distribution Hydrogen production, distribution, use Advanced coal utilization Energy distribution systems enabling infrastructures Geoengineering Advanced nuclear power technologies Renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass, geothermal) CO 2 separation, capture, storage Combustion science engineering Advanced materials Technical Areas with Projects currently underway April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 15
Building the Portfolio Conduct an an integrated assessment of of energy areas to: to: Estimate their their significance on on global global scale scale Evaluate the the potential reduction in in GHG GHG emissions For For each of of the the energy areas, assess: Opportunities for for reductions in in greenhouse emissions Barriers to to implementation Opportunities for for university research to to reduce reduce barriers Identify research groups inside outside of of Stanford active in in the the area area review coverage of of area area by by DOE other programs Estimate magnitude of of funding allocation appropriate to to the the area area Request select proposals that: that: Demonstrate pathway for for significant reductions in in GHG GHG emissions Address barriers to to eventual use use of of energy energy technologies Are Are appropriate for for university-based, pre-commercial research Construct a set set of of projects obtain Management Committee approval for for funding April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 16
Application of Assessments to the Funding Disbursement Process Conduct an Assessment of Each Technical Area within the Portfolio Potentially Considered for Funding Establish a New Portfolio of Technical Areas Conduct an Integrated Technology & Impact Assessment Covering All Technical Areas Based on the Most Recent Data for Each Area Select Fund Individual Projects in Each Technical Area April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 17
GCEP Accomplishments GCEP agreement signed between Stanford University Sponsors on on February 21, 21, 2003 15 15 research projects in in five five technical areas are are underway Renovated moved to to GCEP office space, staffed GCEP central management administration Held Held Hydrogen workshop in in April, 2003 Requested, reviewed, awarded four four projects in in hydrogen renewables technical areas Visited 11 11 institutions in in Europe, four four in in Japan, one one in in US US to to learn about research efforts consider potential GCEP sponsorship of of work at at those institutions Established GCEP Advisory Board held held first first meeting on on April April 6 April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 18
GCEP Participation Stanford Faculty: 21 21 PIs PIs lead lead GCEP supported research 10 10 departments in in Earth Sciences, Engineering, Humanities Sciences (Geology, Pet Pet Eng, Eng, Geophysics, Management Science & Eng, Eng, Materials Science & Eng, Eng, ChemEng, Civil Civil Env Env Eng, Eng, MechEng, SSRL, Chemistry) Stanford Students: 14 14 post-docs 42 42 graduate students Other GCEP Staff: 7 Central Staff Staff 3 Consultants April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 19
Current GCEP Projects Technical Technical Support Support Technical Technical R&D R&D Portfolio Portfolio Management Management Systems Systems Analysis Analysis Technology Technology Assessments Assessments Hydrogen Hydrogen Renewables Renewables CO CO 2 Capture Adv 2 Capture Adv Materials Materials Adv Adv Transport Transport Adv Adv Electric Electric Gen Gen Adv Adv Coal Coal Use Use Adv Adv Combustion Combustion Systems Systems & Infrastr Infrastr Geoengineering Geoengineering Adv Adv Nuclear Nuclear General General Financial Financial Outreach Outreach Fuel Fuel Cells, Cells, Separations, Separations, Bio-gasification, Bio-gasification, Electrolysis, Electrolysis, Resource Resource Characterization, Characterization, Integrated Assessment of Technology Options Integrated Assessment of Technology Options Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Wind, Wind, Biomass, Biomass, Carbon Carbon Capture Capture Sep n Sep n Biohydrogen Biohydrogen Generation Generation H2 H2 Fuel Fuel Cells Cells Monitoring Monitoring of of Bioconversion Bioconversion Process Process Nanomaterial Nanomaterial Engineering Engineering for for Hydrogen Hydrogen Storage Storage Hydrogen Hydrogen Effects Effects on on Climate, Climate, Stratospheric Stratospheric Ozone, Ozone, Air Air Pollution Pollution NMR NMR Studies Studies of of Ceramic Ceramic Materials Materials for for Fuel Fuel Cells Cells Nanostructured Photovoltaic Cells Nanostructured Photovoltaic Cells Rapid Rapid Prediction Prediction of of CO2 CO2 Movement Movement in in Aquifers, Aquifers, Coal Coal Beds, Beds, Oil Oil Gas Gas Reservoirs Reservoirs Assessing Assessing Seal Seal Capacities Capacities of of Exploited Exploited Oil Oil Gas Gas Reservoirs, Reservoirs, Aquifers, Aquifers, Coal Coal Beds Beds for for Potential Potential Use Use in in CO CO 2 Sequestration Geophysical 2 Sequestration Geophysical Monitoring Monitoring of of Geologic Geologic Sequestration Sequestration Development of Low Irreversibility Engines Development of Low Irreversibility Engines Controlled Combustion Controlled Combustion Sensors for Advanced Combustion Systems Sensors for Advanced Combustion Systems Coal Biomass Char Reactivity Coal Biomass Char Reactivity Process Informatics Process Informatics April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 20
Long-Term Future GCEP will will ramp up up to to full full capacity as as additional projects portfolio areas are are put put in in place A novel, dynamic research portfolio will will be be established as as the the full full suite of of technology research opportunities is is determined continuously tracked Manage multiple research projects in in each each technical area area Involve Involve multiple institutions Outreach activities will will include: Issue Issue full full set set of of technical area area assessment reports reports Hold Hold annual annual technical area area workshops GCEP GCEP symposia Educational courses other materials will will be be developed on on energy technologies that that may may lead lead to to reductions in in greenhouse gas gas emissions April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 21
Research Questions Concerning Biomass Energy What is is the potential impact to to the climate the environment in in general if if we fully exploit all all practical biomass energy sources? What are the technological barriers challenges to to greater implementation of of biomass energy? Which key technologies, if if developed, could change the game for for biomass? What are the research opportunities for for developing these technologies? How can GCEP best contribute to to solving the problems exping the opportunities benefits? April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 22
Acknowledgements Speakers Chairs Evan Hughes Kersti Miller Nancy Soval Other GCEP staff students Sponsors ExxonMobil, GE, Schlumberger, Toyota April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 23
Agenda 8:30 9:00 Welcome Introduction 8:30 GCEP Introduction Workshop Objective, Richard Sassoon, GCEP 9 11:15 Session 1: Biomass Resources Issues 9:00 Future Biomass Energy: A Global Climate Change Perspective, Steve Smith, Joint Climate Change Research Institute, U of Maryl PNNL 9:30 Photosynthesis, Algae, CO 2 Bio-Hydrogen, John Benemann, Institute for Environmental Management 10:00 10:15 BREAK 10:15 Energy Crop Resources Technologies, Lynn Wright, ORNL 10:45 Energy Crop Development through Genetic Engineering, Rick Meilan, Purdue University 11:15 12:15 Session 2: Biomass Biogas Combustion 11:15 Biomass Fuel Properties Their Consequences in Biomass Combustion Cofiring, Larry Baxter, BYU 11:45 Distributed Generation Engines/Turbines for Combustion of Biogas, David Thimsen, EPRI 12:15 1:15 LUNCH 1:15 2:45 Session 3: Biomass Gasification 1:15 Thermo-Chemical Biomass Gasification Technologies Products, Ralph Overend, NREL 1:45 Biomass IGCC at Varnamo, Sweden, Krister Ståhl, DucenteAB 2:15 Biomass Gasification Systems for Electric Power, Cogeneration, Liquid Fuels, Hydrogen, Eric Larson, Princeton University 2:45 3:00 BREAK 3:00 5:00 Session 4: Biological Technologies 3:00 Biogas Anaerobic Digestion: Fundamentals Applications, Ann Wilkie, University of Florida 3:30 Metabolic Engineering: Ethanol Chemicals, KT Shanmugam, University of Florida 4:00 Improved Cellulases for the Biorefinery, Colin Mitchinson, Genencor International 4:30 Panel Discussion on Research Opportunities 5:00 Concluding Remarks, Richard Sassoon, GCEP April 27, 2004 GCEP Biomass Workshop 24