Additive selection guide for surface modifying, dispersion and rheology additives
Contents Introduction 3 BASF additives at a glance. 4 Efka 2000 series 6 Efka 3000 and Irgaflow series 8 Dispersants 10 Dispex 10 Efka 4000 series high molecular weight dispersants 12 Efka 5000 series low molecular weight dispersants 14 Fatty acid modified emulsifiers (FAME) 16 Efka 1000 universal resins for resin minimal pigment concentrates (RMPC) 18 Rheology modifiers 20 Miscellaneous 22
Introduction Surface modifying, dispersion and rheology additives Tiny amounts of an additive can make a world of difference to a coating s performance. BASF, the chemical company, offers a comprehensive range of additives under the brand names Efka, Rheovis, Viscalex and Dispex. This booklet provides a comprehensive list of additives in the BASF range for Dispersion, Rheology and Surface Modification. The products are divided into four main categories: defoamers, slip and leveling agents, dispersants, rheology modifiers. For more detailed information on specific applications and product control please consult our marketing department or local sales organizations. Products, processes and services from BASF enable you to create effects that add performance, protection, color and strength to your. 02 03
BASF additives at a glance. Efka 2000 series Defoamers Efka 2000 defoamers are used to inhibit the buildup of foam and eliminate trapped air by causing the bubbles to burst. This series provides two classes of defoamers: Silicone-free Silicone containing Efka 3000 and Irgaflow series Slip and leveling agents Efka 3000 and Irgaflow slip and leveling agents are used to reduce surface tension and remove flow disturbance like orange peel and other undesirable film characteristics. This series provides three classes of slip and leveling agents: Slip and leveling agents based on polysiloxane Reactive slip and leveling agents based on polysiloxane Silicone-free leveling agents Dispersants Dispersants are additives that increase the stability of a suspension of powders (pigments) in a liquid medium. They are used during the dispersion process. BASF offers several classes of dispersants: Ionic dispersants High molecular weight dispersants Low molecular weight dispersants Fatty acid modified emulsifiers (FAME) Universal grinding resins Ionic Dispersants Dispex dispersants are tightly defined dispersants based on acrylic chemistry. Their narrow molecular weight distributions provide optimum dispersion efficiency, translating into maximum performance at the lowest possible formulation cost.
High molecular weight dispersants Efka 4000 series contains the high molecular weight dispersants. They are linear or branched molecules with a polyurethane or polyacrylate structure, and have molecular weights of between 5000 and 30000 g/mol. These products have pendant anchoring groups, which adsorb onto the surface of the organic pigment particles. They are also effective with inorganic pigments. Low molecular weight dispersants Efka 5000 series contains the conventional low molecular weight dispersants. They are categorized according to their chemical structure as anionic, cationic, electroneutral and non-ionic. They are used mainly for heavily filled systems such as primers and surfacers for industrial and maintenance. Fatty acid modified emulsifiers (FAME) FAME s molecules are based upon fatty acid chemistry, having polar heads based on tertiary amines. They can be easily handled without addition of solvent and used effectively when combining water-borne colorants with solvent-borne base paints. They enable paint producers to develop universal colorants for the decorative market. Universal resins for resin minimal pigment concentrates (RMPC) Efka 1000 series contains dispersing resins specially developed for the production of resin minimal pigment concentrates. They show good pigment wetting and stabilizing performance and excellent compatibility with the resins most commonly used in paints. Rheology modifiers Viscalex range provides shear-thinning rheology to give good suspending power and sag resistance, but low high-shear viscosity for ease of application. Rheovis range is less shearthinning than Viscalex, or more Newtonian in rheology. This provides the best leveling for gloss systems while avoiding spattering problems. Miscellaneous The Efka 6000 series features additional product classes including conductivity agents, waxes, synergists, antigelling agents and rheology modifiers. 04 05
Efka 2000 series Defoamers Product name Chemical nature Incorporation Active content** [%] Dosage* [%] Solvent-based coating Water-based coating Efka 2018 N Solution of defoaming substances Before or after processing 0.1-2.0 Efka 2020 Solution of defoaming substances Before or after processing 0.1-0.7 Efka 2021 N Solution of defoaming substances End of processing 0.5-2.0 Efka 2050 Solution of defoaming polymers Before or after processing 0.1-0.5 Silicone-free defoamers Efka 2526 Emulsion of organic polymers and organic metal compounds Before or after processing 77% 0.1-1.0 Efka 2720 Solution of defoaming substances Before or after processing 0.1-1.0 Efka 2721 Solution of defoaming polymers Any stage 0.5-1.0 Efka 2788 Defoaming substances Any stage of production process 0.1-0.5 Efka 2022 Defoaming substances Before or after processing 0.1-1.0 Efka 2023 Defoaming substances Before or after processing 0.1-0.5 Efka 2025 Defoaming substances Before or after processing 0.1-1.0 Efka 2028 Defoaming substances Before or after processing 0.1-1.0 Efka 2030 Modified polydimethyl siloxane Prior to processing 0.1-1.0 Efka 2035 Defoaming substances Final production 0.5-1.0 Efka 2038 Defoaming substances Final production 0.1-0.5 Efka 2040 Defoaming substances Final production 0.1-0.7 Efka 2527 Emulsion of organic polymers and organic metal compounds Before or after processing 77% 0.1-1.0 Efka 2550 Modified polydimethyl siloxane Grinding stage/ final production 100% 0.1-0.3 Silicone containing defoamers Efka 2560 Modified polydimethyl siloxane At any stage of the production process 100% 0.5-1.0 Efka 2570 Modified polydimethyl siloxane At any stage of the production process 100% 0.1-1.0 Efka 2580 Modified polydimethyl siloxane At any stage of the production process 100% 0.1-1.0 Efka 2722 Defoaming substances Before addition of pigments/fillers 70% 0.5-1.5 Efka 2723 Defoaming substances Prior to processing 100% 0.5-1.5 * Dosage: % w/w on total formulation ** Typical values, not intended as specification
UV Automotive Decorative Industrial Wood Description, application Polyurethane, acid-cure and NC wood finishes Acid-cure and NC-curtain coating systems, unsaturated polyester and gel coats Polyurethane, acid-cure and baking enamels Thin layer gel-coat, room temperature cured unsaturated polyesters, casting resins and epoxy resin systems (e.g. floorings) Waterborne. Strong silicone free defoamer for both mill base and letdown Unsaturated polyester, epoxy and polyurethane systems UV Curing and EBC systems Solution of defoaming polymer in isopropanol Polyurethane curtain and baking enamels Polyurethane, acid-cure and NC wood finishes Physically drying systems and air-drying alkyds Polyurethane, acid-cure systems, NC wood finishes and baking enamels Air-drying systems based on acrylic, vinyl and chlorinated polymers Physically drying systems and medium to long oil air-drying alkyds Polyurethane, acid-cure and NC wood varnishes, good compatibility Solventborne industrial and decorative finishes, including roller, brush and airless spray applications Waterborne industrial Waterborne and pigment concentrates where high shear processing or application exists Waterborne coating systems containing low surfactant levels Waterborne clear coat applications, waterborne pigment concentrates Water-based acrylic, low PVC and baking systems. Waterborne pigment concentrates Solvent-free epoxy- and polyurethane systems Solvent-free epoxy- and polyurethane systems, low odor. High solid 2K systems and solvent free radiation curing systems 06 07
Efka 3000 and Irgaflow series Slip and leveling agents Product name Chemical nature Incorporation Active content** [%] Dosage* [%] Solvent-based coating Water-based coating Efka 3030 Organically modified polysiloxane Any stage 52% 0.1-0.3 Efka 3031 Organically modified polysiloxane Any stage 52% 0.1-0.3 Efka 3033 Organically modified polysiloxane Any stage 15% 0.1-1.0 Efka 3034 Fluorocarbon modified polysiloxane Any stage 52% 0.1-0.2 Efka 3035 Organically modified polysiloxane Any stage 52% 0.1-0.5 Based on polysiloxane Based on polysiloxane, reactive Efka 3236 Efka 3239 Organically modified polysiloxane, Solvent free Organically modified polysiloxane, Solvent free After thinning 100% 0.04-0.4 After thinning 100% 0.05-0.5 Efka 3288 Organically modified polysiloxane Any stage 100% 0.02-0.3 Efka 3299 Organically modified polysiloxane Any stage 100% 0.05-0.3 Efka 3580 Polysiloxane After or prior to processing 100% 0.1-1.0 Efka 3883 Polysiloxane modified with unsaturated terminal groups End of process 70% 0.2-1.0 Efka 3886 Polysiloxane modified polyisocyanates Added to the hardener 50% 2.0-3.0*** Efka 3888 Polysiloxane modified polyisocyanates Added to the hardener 45% 1.0-2.0*** Efka 3037 Efka 3038 Solvent blend of high boiling aromatics, ketones and esters Solvent blend of high boiling aromatics, ketones and esters During or after the batch preparation 3.0-5.0 Efka 3277 Fluorocarbon modified polyacrylate End of process 100% 0.5-2.0 Efka 3360 Efka 3370 Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt in a water / isopropanol mixture Aqueous/propylene glycol formulation containing dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt Any stage 60% 0.5-3.0 Any stage 70% 0.5-3.0 Based on polyacrylates, solvents or silicone free surfactants Efka 3570 Fluorocarbon modified polyacrylate End of process 60% 0.5-1.5 Efka 3600 Polymeric fluorocarbon compound End of process 100% 0.1-0.5 Efka 3650 Polymeric fluorocarbon compound End of process 50% 0.1-1.0 Efka 3772 Fluorocarbon modified polyacrylate End of process 60% 0.5-2.0 Efka 3777 Fluorocarbon modified polyacrylate End of process 70% 0.5-1.0 Efka 3778 Acrylic polymer End of process 70% 0.5-2.0 Efka 3785 Acrylic copolymer Any stage 50% 0.5-2.0 Irgaflow 100 Fluor-modified polyacrylate Any stage 50% 0.5-2.0 Irgaflow 110 Fluor-modified polyacrylate Any stage 70% 0.1-0.5 * Dosage: % w/w on total formulation ** Typical values, not intended as specification *** % on polyol component
UV Automotive Decorative Industrial Wood Description, application Improve slip & mar resistance, very compatible Solvent borne metal-, wood- and paper, including UV cured Improve surface flow, excellent compatibility in clear coat Strong substrate wetting and anti cratering Solvent- and waterborne, baking enamels, unsaturated PE including UV cured Solvent borne wood finishes, industrial and solvent free floor Similar to Efka 3236 but stronger defoaming properties Strong slip and surface smoothness effect for high gloss industrial Strong slip and surface smoothness effect for high gloss industrial Anti-cratering and leveling agent for waterborne UV curing systems for wood- and plastic and paper Polyurethane wood including moisture cured Polyurethane metal Flow agent, prevent surface defects, cob-webbing, streaking, chilling, shorten setting time Air drying and baking enamels Solvent free version of Efka 3777 Low cost highly efficient surfactant and versatile wetting agent used as dispersing aid for waxes and pigments. Also helps water based coating wet various surfaces Low cost highly efficient surfactant and versatile wetting agent used as dispersing aid for waxes and pigments. Also helps water based coating wet various surfaces Excellent substrate wetting, leveling and anti-cratering Baking enamels based on polyesters or acrylics. 2 pack polyurethane, 2 pack epoxy and air dried alkyd systems. Strong anti cratering, leveling and substrate wetting Modified version of Efka 3600 Leveling and anti cratering Solventborne systems, coil, OEM and industrial Coil, solventborne and solvent free systems. Leveling agent for industrial, coil, 2K PUR, 2K Epoxy, baking enamels Solvent based industrial- and wood. Improved leveling and defoaming performance compared to Efka 3777 Solvent based industrial- and wood. Higher leveling and anti crater efficiency then Irgaflow 100. Improved leveling and defoaming performance compared to Efka 3600 08 09
Dispersants Dispex Product name Chemical nature Product form Average molecular weight Active content* [%] ph* as supplied Neutralizing agent* Dispex A40 (V) Ammonium polyacrylate liquid 4000 40 8 NH3 Dispex N40V Sodium polyacrylate liquid 4000 40 7.5 NaOH Dispex N100 Sodium polyacrylate powder 4000 99 NaOH Dispex GA40 Ammonium polyacrylate copolymer liquid 6000 40 7.5 NH3 Dispex G40 Sodium polyacrylate copolymer liquid 6000 40 7.5 NaOH Dispex HDN Sodium polyacrylate copolymer liquid 20000 40 7.2 NaOH * Typical values, not intended as specification
Density* [g*cm1] Water-based coating Water-based inks Aqueous industrial and automotive systems Aqueous decorative high PVC Paint Aqueous decorative low PVC Paint Aqueous decorative "washable" paint Dry powder system Water-based construction 1.16 1.3 1.13 1.2 1.2 10 11
Dispersants Efka 4000 series high molecular weight dispersants Product name Chemical nature Active content* [%] Acid value* Amine value* Solvent-based Water-based UV Automotive Efka 4008 Modified polyurethane polymer 60% 13 9 Efka 4009 Modified polyurethane polymer 60% 13 9 Efka 4010 Modified polyurethane polymer 51% 12 6 Efka 4015 Modified polyurethane polymer 50% 10 Efka 4020 Modified polyurethane polymer 65% 9 Efka 4046 Modified polyurethane polymer 40% 19 Efka 4047 Modified polyurethane polymer 35% 17 Based on polyurethanes Based on acrylic block copolymers made by controlled free-radical polymerization Efka 4050 Modified polyurethane polymer 45% 14 Efka 4055 Modified polyurethane polymer 40% 13 Efka 4061 Modified polyurethane polymer 30% 8 Efka 4080 Modified polyurethane polymer 30% 4 Efka 4300 Acrylic block copolymer 80% 56 Efka 4310 Acrylic block copolymer 50% 19 Efka 4320 Acrylic block copolymer 50% 28 Efka 4330 Acrylic block copolymer 70% 28 Efka 4340 Acrylic block copolymer 55% 4 Efka 4585 Acrylic block copolymer 50% 20 Efka 4400 Modified polyacrylate polymer 40% 42 Efka 4401 Modified polyacrylate polymer 50% 50 Efka 4402 Modified polyacrylate polymer 40% 22 Efka 4403 Modified polyacrylate polymer 55% 35 Efka 4510 Modified polyacrylate polymer 50% 20 45 Efka 4530 Modified polyacrylate polymer 50% 35 26 Based on modified polyacrylates Efka 4550 Modified polyacrylate polymer 50% 27 Efka 4560 Modified polyacrylate polymer 40% 25 Efka 4570 Modified polyacrylate polymer 60% 42 Efka 4580 Modified polyacrylate polymer 40% 19 Efka 4590 Modified polyacrylate polymer 40% 6 39 Dosage: Starting point recommendations are based on the surface area of the pigments. The recommendation is for active dispersant on pigment. Inorganic pigments: 10 % of the oil absorption value Organic pigments: 25-50 % the BET value or pigment surface area Carbon blacks: 20-40 % of the DBP value
Decorative Industrial Wood Description, application Butylacetate version of Efka 4009 for decorative General industrial where cost effective performance is vital General industrial including coil Solvent-based industrial, low viscosity in high pigmented systems Aromatic free dispersing agent for solvent borne industrial and decorative and colorants General industrial High quality industrial finishes including automotive OEM and refinish High quality industrial finishes including automotive OEM and refinish as well as resin minimal pigment concentrates General industrial as well as resin minimal pigment concentrates High quality industrial, automotive and refinish applications; strong viscosity depressing properties Strong viscosity depressing properties Solvent-based industrial and decorative including medium- and long oil alkyds High quality solvent borne industrial and automotive. Setting new standards as a dispersant for resin free pigment pastes for coil and dispersant for carbon blacks giving extremely high jetness High quality solvent borne industrial. Due to its more polar character compared to Efka 4310 better suitability for thermoplastic acrylates Solvent borne industrial and decorative. Well suitable for the manufacture of pigment pastes with very broad compatibility ranging from polar to very apolar systems Solvent borne high-end applications. Industrial and automotive systems, good performance in CAB modified systems but also with 2K PU and 2K epoxy High-end waterborne, industrial and automotive. Broad compatibility with different binder systems, ph independent. Considered suitable for VOC free applications Coil High quality industrial including transportation topcoats. Excellent for industrial colorants in combination with grinding resins such as Larapol A81 Mainly used for co-grinding of all kinds of pigment blends in solvent borne as well as in gel-coats Resin minimal pigment concentrates based on alkyd resins Water- and solvent borne industrial Waterborne industrial. Solvent borne RMPC s including NC lacquers Waterborne industrial and automotive, ph independent. Broad compatibility. Suitable for making resin containing and resin free pigment concentrates Waterborne decorative and industrial, ph independent. Broad compatibility. Suitable for making resin containing and resin free pigment concentrates Water- and solventborne industrial High end industrial and automotive. Suitable for making resin free and resin containing pigment concentrates Waterborne industrial and decorative where cost effective performance is vital These recommendations are starting points. The correct dosage of dispersant should be determined in a ladder study. Incorporation: Dispersant should be added to the mill base prior to the addition of pigment. * Typical values, not intended as specification 12 13
Dispersants Efka 5000 series low molecular weight dispersants Product name Chemical nature Active content* [%] Acid value* Amine value* Solvent-based Water-based UV Efka 5010 Acidic polyester polyamide 50% 140 Efka 5044 Unsaturated polyamide and acid ester salts 52% 25 16 Efka 5054 Carboxylic acid salts 52% 53 51 Efka 5055 Carboxylic acid salts of polyamine amides 52% 46 42 Efka 5063 Partial amide and salt of unsaturated carboxylic acid 52% 85 11 Efka 5065 Unsaturated carboxylic acid, combined with a paint compatible organically modified poly-siloxane 52% 120 Efka 5066 Unsaturated carboxylic acid. 52% 140 Efka 5070 Unsaturated carboxylic acid and esters, combined with a compatible organically modified poly-siloxane 52% 55 Efka 5071 Alkylol ammonium salt of carboxylic acid 53% 90 100 Efka 5207 Hydroxyl functional unsaturated modified carboxylic acid 100% 85 Efka 5210 Acidic polyester polyamide 100% 270 Efka 5215 Acidic polyester polyamide 100% 180 Efka 5220 Acidic polyether 100% 290 Efka 5244 Unsaturated polyamide and acid ester salts 100% 85 20 Efka 5744 Unsaturated polyamide and acid ester salts 85% 65 30 Efka 6050 Fatty acid amide 52% Efka 6230 Aliphatic polyether with acidic groups 100% 100 20 Dosage: Starting point recommendations are based on the surface area of the pigments. The recommendation is for active dispersant on pigment. Inorganic pigments: 10 % of the oil absorption value Organic pigments: 25-50 % the BET value or pigment surface area Carbon blacks: 20-40 % of the DBP value
Automotive Decorative Industrial Wood Description, application All types industrial for inorganic pigments Solventborne and solvent free systems. Also effective for gelling bentonite concentrates Low polar to medium polar systems. Also for bentonite gels Non polar to medium polar systems. Compared to Efka 5054 stronger anti settling and anti sagging in high built systems Industrial from medium to polar systems Polyurethane systems and baking enamels. Also for orientation of aluminum pigments Polyurethane systems and baking enamels. Strong anti-settling effect Similar to Efka 5065 but with better compatibility in less polar systems Water and solventborne systems. Strong anti-settling effects Solventborne decorative and decorative paints. Low polar to non-polar systems All types industrial for inorganic pigments. Dispersion of extenders and fillers in composites (SMC+BMC) All types industrial for inorganic pigments. Dispersion of extenders and fillers in composites (SMC+BMC) All types of industrial and decorative for inorganic pigments specially TiO ². Dispersion of extenders and fillers in composites (SMC+BMC) Solventborne and solvent free systems. Also effective for gelling bentonite concentrates Solventborne and solvent free systems. Found as very effective in dispersing fillers in composite systems such as in SMC and BMC Dispersing agent especially for fumed silica s. Especially in composite formulations for increased thixotropic behavior Dispersing agent for inorganic pigments and fillers for decorative and industrial These recommendations are starting points. The correct dosage of dispersant should be determined in a ladder study. Incorporation: Dispersant should be added to the mill base prior to the addition of pigment. * Typical values, not intended as specification 14 15
Dispersants Fatty acid modified emulsifiers (FAME) Product name Chemical nature Active content* [%] Acid value* Amine value* Solvent-based Water-based Automotive Efka 6220 Fatty acid modified polyester 100% 22 35 Efka 6225 Fatty acid modified polyester 100% 46 47 Dosage: Starting point recommendations are based on the surface area of the pigments. The recommendation is for active dispersant on pigment. Inorganic pigments: 10 % of the oil absorption value Organic pigments: 25-50 % the BET value or pigment surface area Carbon blacks: 20-40 % of the DBP value
Decorative Industrial Wood Description, application Improve compatibility and color acceptance of universal colorants in base paints Dispersant for universal decorative colorants for tinting systems These recommendations are starting points. The correct dosage of dispersant should be determined in a ladder study. Incorporation: Dispersant should be added to the mill base prior to the addition of pigment. * Typical values, not intended as specification 16 17
Dispersants Efka 1000 universal resins for resin minimal pigment concentrates (RMPC) Product name Chemical nature Incorporation Active content** [%] Acid value* Solvent-based coating Water-based coating Efka 1016 Carboxylated acrylic copolymer To the mill base before adding pigments 30% Efka 1101 Modified polyacrylate Before or after processing 60% Efka 1500 Fatty acid modified polymer End of processing 90% 39 Efka 1501 Fatty acid modified polymer Before or after processing 100% 41 Efka 1502 Fatty acid modified polymer Before or after processing 95% Efka 1503 Fatty acid modified polyester Before or after processing 75% * Typical values, not intended as specification
Solvent-free Description, application Low molecular weight grinding resin used to disperse pigments for waterborne inks. Highly hydrophilic properties and can be used as sole binder were high solids and very good resolubility are required Hydroxy functional acrylic resin for solvent borne RMPC Modified polyester for water- and solvent borne RMPC Modified polyester for water- and solvent borne RMPC. Liquid resin for the production of low VOC pigment concentrates Modified polyester for water borne RMPC Self-emulsifying polyester for waterborne decorative pigment concentrates 18 19
Rheology modifiers Product name Chemical nature Product form Type Active content* [%] ph* as supplied Density* [g*cm1] Viscalex HV100 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer powder AS 99 Viscalex HV200 Cationic polyacrylate copolymer powder 99 Viscalex HV300 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid AS 99 Viscalex HV30 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid ASE 30 3 1.05 Viscalex LO 30 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid ASE 30 3 1.05 Viscalex VM Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid ASE 30 3 1.05 Viscalex VG2 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid ASE 30 3 1.05 Viscalex AT90 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid LDP 60 1.18 Rheovis 112 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid HASE 40 3.2 1.05 Rheovis 132 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid HASE 40 3.2 1.05 Rheovis 152 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid HASE 40 3.2 1.05 Rheovis 162 Anionic polyacrylate copolymer liquid HASE 35 3.5 1.04 AS Alkali-Swellable ASE Alkali-Swellable Emulsion HASE Hydrophobically modified Alkali-Swellable Emulsion LDP Liquid Dispersion Polymer * Typical values, not intended as specification
Water-base coating Water-based inks Aqueous industrial and automotive systems Aqueous wood Aqueous decorative High PVC Paint Aqueous decorative Low PVC Paint Calcium carbonate systems Gypsum systems Cement based systems 20 21
Miscellaneous Product name Chemical nature Incorporation Active content** [%] Solvent-based coating Water-based coating Efka 6622 Fatty acid modified polyester Any stage 71% Efka 6700 Ketozamine with phosphorous ester salt Before processing 15% Efka 6950 Over based calcium sulfonate complex In the mill base 60% Efka 6043 Inert powder modified with an active silicon compound Add before dispersing pigments 100% Efka 6745 Blue Powder In the mill base 100% Efka 6780 Cationic compounds End of process 80% Efka 6782 Cationic compounds End of process 70% Efka 6W13 Aqueous solution of a polyacrylamide polymer In the mill base 20% * Typical values, not intended as specification
Description, application Stabilizes inorganic and organic pigments in water and solvents. In addition it makes the polar ingredients of universal colorants, which are used in non-polar solvent-based paints, more compatible Anti-skin and anti-gelling agent for air drying and baking enamels Anti-settling control additive for high-filled solvent-borne systems Antifloating compound that stabilizes and reduces the tendency of pigments to flooding and floating Synergist to aid dispersion of phthalocyanine pigments, give lower viscosity of concentrates Industrial, improving conductivity Conductivity agent for industrial Production of ceramic materials 22 23
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