Power to Gas Bedeutung und Wirtschaftlichkeit verschiedener Power to Gas Umwandlungsketten 18.9.12, DGMK, Hannover Dr. Rainer Saliger Siemens Energy Sector, Erlangen
Paradigm shift in power grids: The New Electricity Age 19th Century Century of Pioneers 20th Century Century of central Power Plants 21st Century Century of Prosumers? No environmental concerns : Environmental awareness : Unsustainable energy system Sustainable energy system Electrification of society Age of Coal Extensive generation of electrical energy Age of fossil fuels Transition period Challenges require rethinking: 1.) Demographic change 2.) Scarce resources 3.) Climate change The New Electricity Age Electricity will be the energy source in an integrated energy system Generation and load closely coordinated Generation follows load Shift of energy system consumer becoming prosumer Load follows generation Page 2 Coal hydro Coal, gas, oil, hydro, nuclear Coal, gas, oil, hydro, nuclear, biomass, wind, solar Renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, biomass, etc.), clean coal, gas, nuclear Siemens AG
Decarbonization is no recent trend It happens for quite some time World Market Share of Primary Energy Use Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 34, Issue 11, June 2009, Pages 4922 4933
For high shares of fluctuating sources long time storage becomes necessary Contribution of Renewables to electricity consumption of Germany TWh 800 600 Non-renewables Other RE generation PV generation Wind generation 400 200 0 2000 2005 2010 GW Peak load 105 6 11 2000 105 27 17 Min load 2010 17 2015 2020 80 17 54 53 2020 35-40% Renew. 2025 2030 72 18 83 62 2030 2035 2040 19 57 120 21 37 158 84 108 2040 2045 2050 2050 80% Renewables GW (Wind+Solar) ~3 x Peak load Storage not an issue Mainly decentral and short time storage Central and long time storage essential Source: E ST MC SR 2012 until 2030, Extrapolation to achieve 80% RE by 2050
If long duration wind calms are to be bridged pump storage schemes are not sufficient Supply / Demand situation HV Grid Vattenfall / 50Hertz from February 2008 Load Wind capacity Pump storage Pumpspeicher in D: 40 GWh in Deutschland 7000 MW 40.000 MWh 540GWh Source: IfR, TU Braunschweig
Chemical storage is the only way to bridge electricity demand for more than some days Seconds Minutes Hours Days/ Months Storage time Li-Ion NaS Batteries Super capacitor Flow-Batteries Flywheel storage Superconductive coil H2/ Methan (stationary) diabatic CAES adiabatic Power quality Pumped Hydro 1 kw 10 kw 100 kw 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1.000 MW Power 1 Operating reserve Time shift Technology Chemical Storage Electrochemical Storage Mechanical Storage Electrical Storage Maturity Commercial Early commercial Demonstration CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage 2 4 3 Energy reserve
Energy storage is only one lever to cope with increased renewable build out Example grid extension vs. Storage Smart Grid Energy Storage Additional lines to cope with future supply Max. transmission Capacity today $$ Curtailment $ Grid extension Flexible Conventional generation kwh For wind regional excess power could last for 2-3 days
Increasing trend of curtailment especially in Northern part of Germany could be one driver for Power to Gas Curtailment 50Hertz (MW) 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0 % of wind generation 8% Curtailment Wind 50Hertz 7% Curtailment Wind D 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 J F M A M J J A S O N D 2013 Source: Übertragungsnetzbetreiber ÜNB 2014?? 2015 2016? 2017 2018 2019 2020
Market for Power to Gas is significantly influenced by speed of grid extension Neue Stromautobahnen bis 2022 Einfluss Netzausbau auf Energiesystem Übertraguns- Bedarf in GW High attractiveness for Power to Gas Notwendig für Offshore-Windparks Betriebsmodus konventionelle Kraftwerke Quelle: Übertragungsnetzbetreiber Schaltbare Lasten und Smart Grids Energie- und Gasspeicherung Seite 9 Dez - 11 Energy Sector / E TI IM
Hydrogen can be used pure or injected into the natural gas grid (power to gas) Power Generation Conversion In / Out Utilization Pure Hydrogen pathways Above ground storage Industry / Fuel Cell Car H2-Engine Mobility / Industry Energy (Re-Electrification) O 2 + - H2 small cavern storage Small GT Energy (Re-Electrification) O Fluctuating Renewables Power to gas pathways PEM-Electrolyzer CO 2 Methanation CO2 Gas pipeline CH 4 + CH 4 CC-Turbine Energy (Re-Electrification) Mobility / Heating / Industry Source: Siemens AG, I DT, E TI
Efficiency is only one criterion to compare energy storage technologies Efficiency 100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 0h Flywheel 2h Li-Ion Electrochem Mechanical Chemical 4h Adv. Lead acid Pumped Hydro 6h NaS Redox Flow Battery A-CAES D-CAES D-CAES 8h 10h Storage time Hydrogen CC 12h weeks Invest costs ( /kw) Invest costs ( /kwh) Flywheel 500-1000 2000-4000 Li-Ion 500-800 1000-2000 Adv. Lead Acid Pumped Hydro 1000-1400 300-350 1200-2000 160-220 NaS 2000-3000 300-400 Red-Flow Batt. (VRB) 2000-2500 550-650 D-CAES 600-700 60-90 A-CAES 800-1000 50-80 Hydrogen - CC 1500-3000* 10-50** * Electrolyzer+CCPP costs, **varies with size of cavern Sources: EPRI, Dec 2010, Prognos 2011, ESA, BCG, Sandia
Electricity will become Primary Energy Carrier that needs to be stored Electricity Efficiency Losses Coal Nuclear Gas CCPP 45% 33% 60% 55% 67% 40% Yesterday Fuels are easily available Electricity has to be produced with losses Renewables 100% RE Hydrogen CCPP 42% 58% Fuels Gasoline / Diesel CNG BTL 40% Efficiency Losses 90% 10% 85% 15% 60% Tomorrow Electricity is easily available Fuels have to be produced with losses E-Car from Gen-Mix Hydrogen from RE SNG from RE 33% 56% 70% 67% 44% 30% Dispatchable CO2 free power with same efficiency as coal power plants Source: M. Zerta, LBST Feb. 2010
Priority applications for Power to Gas will be decided by benchmark market prices /kg 9 8 500km 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 High electricity costs Low operating hours High CAPEX Typical Costs for on site H2-generation via electrolysis* Low electricity costs High operating hours Low CAPEX 6ct/kWh 4ct/kWh 2ct/kWh H2 admixture to NG 3ct/kWh Re-Electrification large CCPP 1.2 /l 0.5 /l Re-Electrification small engine 0km H2 for Industry H2 for mobility 5,80 3,70 Major levers Gas price Gas price Diesel price Transport distance, purity *Source: U. Bünger, Fallstudie LBST, May 2012
Avoidance of transportation costs is key lever for early Hydrogen applications Possible Roadmap for Power To Gas applications On-site hydrogen generation and consumption 1. Hydrogen for Mobility purposes Bottleneck: Maturity, Cost and Availability of Fuel cell vehicles 2. Industrial Hydrogen on small scale and for remote locations could be supplied by on-site Hydrogen Electrolyzers 3. Small decentral re-electrification projects using Hydrogen (e.g. wind-hydrogen projects for islands) Central Hydrogen generation 4. Admixture to NG grid, Methanation and large Re-Electrification projects
Siemens has key component for PtG technologies under development Hydrogen: Enabling conversion between electrical and chemical energy Excess Energy RenewableEnergy Chemical Energy PEM Electrolyzer Technology Robust polymer membrane as electrolyte Extremely dynamic and tolerant to overload even under pressurized operation High pressure operation without efficiency loss Siemens Expertise PEM electrolyzer development started 1998 Reference list in electrolyzer technology: - continuous lab operation > 40.000 h - 10y field operation (prototype) - 100 bar prototype - 40y electrode know-how Operation as dynamic load for secondary and even primary control power Pure water no leach on-off switching without any delay, N 2 -purge and preheating complete solution in one hand - heavy duty rectifiers (up to 70.000 A) - transformers - control units - grid connection - gas turbines
5 m 5 m Leitstand + Gebäudegrundversorg. Leitstand + Gebäudegrundversorg. Leitstand + Gebäudegrundversorg. + Brauchwasser Leitstand + Gebäudegrundversorg. + Brauchwasser PEM Electrolyzers @ Siemens Roadmap into the MW-class G-I:Container Systems G-II: 2MW Cabin Systems G-III:90MW Plant 15 m Leitstand Gebäudegrundversorgung System System Stack Stack 3 m 2 m Speicher O 2 Speicher 21 m 20 m 6 m 20 m 15 m 6 m 15 m 5 15 m 33 m 2 m compact all-in one system rigid design technology demonstrator 4 m 4 m 4 m 4 m 19 m 3 m ~400 m 2 modular stack system industrialized design commercial applications. 7 m 33 m maximized stack size plant design large scale applications 18 m 5 m timeline 2012 2015 2018 milestones first demonstrator installed until 12/2012 (RWE, Bayer): - CORRECT project -CO 2 capture further demonstrators in 2013, e.g: - fuel station - Energy storage pilot applications for first Generation II systems: - Large scale green generation for H2-Mobility - Energy Storage and Gas Grid injection Pilots -CO 2 capture 1st commercial Systems first projects for large scale H2-plants
PEM Electrolyzer @ Siemens 100 kw Demonstrator
Thank you for your kind attention DGMK, Hannover, 18.9.2012 R. Saliger Energy Energy Sector Sector / E TI