Available online www.ejaet.com Euroean Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 016, (9): 50-54 Research Article ISSN: 94-658X Design and Fabrication of Automatic Seed Sowing Machine with Variable Pitch Kiran AS and Baban Parisa Dathwade Deartment of Mechanical Engineering, BCE, Shravanabelagola, India kiranas.aril9@gmail.com ABSTRACT The manually oerated seed sowing technique faces the roblems of seeds to rats, birds and snails. So, it is mandatory to automate the sowing of seed. This sector and a rogressive innovation become necessary for raising the demand on agricultural roduct and its quality. To give a solution to these roblems, a microcontroller guided rover for digging, seed sowing and cover seed roerly. The robot is drive by high torque DC geared motor fitted with the available rotating shaft. It is esticide alication which enriches Indian agricultural field. Key words: Seed Sowing, Automated, Robot Vehicle, Microcontroller, DC Gear Motor INTRODUCTION India is the land of villages. This being said the major occuation of majority of villages in India is farming. With recent advancements in engineering and technology, there also have been changes in agricultural technology and ractices. Though there are advancements eole still follow old ractices due to the lack of money and high cost of technically advanced agricultural equiment s. According to a study made by ISAE, it is found that hoes, angas, axes and shovels are the main farm tools used by the farmers in India for agricultural oeration []. These tools are conventional, time immemorial and no imrovement in agricultural ractice is adoted. Hence, it is necessary to develo a system which results in drudgery reduction and id user friendly to agricultural community in India. Sowing is one of the basic oerations needed to get better revenue from agriculture. Manual sowing has the roblem of not giving adequate sacing between row to row and lant to lant leading to less oulation of cros than recommended by the agronomists. Also there is the roblem of lacing the seeds at correct deth and correct soil coverage. Manual sowing is time consuming and costly. Hence, there is a need for aroriate seed drill for sowing. Farmers in India erform agriculture mostly with manual oeration. The ain involved in doing each and every oeration has to be reduced by the way of introducing simle technology which is not only user friendly to farmers but also is economical for farmers to adot. Thus this roject deals with design and fabrication of a smart seed sowing robot which can sow seeds based on the itch given by the farmers. LITERATURE SURVEY Early lanting was done by hand. The seeds would be thrown, or broadcast. This system made it more difficult to weed and harvest the cro. Later a dibber was used for some cros. A dibber was a board with holes evenly sread aart. A stick would be ushed through the holes and then a seed would be laced in the hole made by the stick. This was very effective but also very tedious and time consuming []. The idea for droing seeds through a tube first aeared in Mesootamia about 1500 B. C. In 1701 Jethro Tull invented the first seed drill. The imlement would cut small channels into the soil and the seed would be droed into the channel. Broadcasting is simly throwing seeds onto the ground. The seed drill had many advantages to the broadcasting system. Less seed was lost to birds or other animals. Finally, with rows, it was much easier for the farmer to weed his cro. Jethro Tull's invention was met with sceticism and not really areciated or acceted till after his death in 1741. One of the next innovations was a two row seed drill. This was not automatic so the field would have to be marked and then the seeds released by ulling of a lever. Then came the multile row seed drill [4]. It could be adjusted to the amount of seeds and at what intervals they released into the soil. Which are cost more than the simle machines but most efficient. 50
Kiran and Dathwade Euro. J. Adv. Engg. Tech., 016, (9):50-54 Fig.1 Dibber Fig. First seed drill Fig. Two row seed drill 1. Battery. Microcontroller. Keyad 4. Wheel 5. Shaft 6. Hoer 7. DC Motor 8. Chain Drive 9. Digging Tool 10. Chassis Fig.4 Concetual Diagram METHODOLOGY The control anel on this vehicle is rovided with number of switched to oerate the vehicle. The descrition below gives a brief idea about the oeration of this vehicle. When started, the farmer is exected to enter either the itch or the number of stes using the keyad rovided onto the robot. The farmer enters two arameters in this mode. They are - a) Pitch between seeds b) No of stes of resective itch Once all these are entered roerly the vehicle starts its execution, moves by resective itch, stos oens the servo of hoer, dros the seeds and the cycle continues. If these arameters are not entered roerly, there will be an error will be layed to alert the farmer that the execution cannot begin unless the arameters are roerly entered. After a cycle of seed sowing is comlete a message of comlete will be given using the different bee tone. DESIGN AND CALCULATION As er survey the machine is design of dimensions in order of 4 ll * 18 ll because the line sacing made in the farm is in order of ft. ft. Hence to move the machine vehicle in the line sacing made in the farm, it is essential to design made as these dimensions. Power Calculation Assume that the machine is runs at the seed of 5Rm. As er requirements of the machine, the motor is selected is of 1V. Which is having seed of 5Rm. The motor is of DC geared motor. With current 1.8Am P = V*I [Where, P = Power of motor (Watt) V = Voltage (Volt)] (1) I = Current (Am) P = 1 * 1.8 = 1.6 Watt. The ower transmitted by the motor is equal to the ower received by the shaft. 51
Kiran and Dathwade Euro. J. Adv. Engg. Tech., 016, (9):50-54 Hence, πnt P = [Where, n = Seed in RPM, T = Torque in N-mm] () 60 π*5*t 1.6 = 60 T = 5.89*10 N-mm Force exerted in shaft due to motor, T = F * R s [Where, F = Force (N), R s = Radius of Srocket (mm)] The srocket is selected from available in market whose, Centre distance between the Srocket = 180mm, Number of teeth s available on srocket Z = 1, Pitch of the Srocket = 0.65 = 15.875mm. 15.875 Where, = Pitch of srocket Diameter of Srocket π π 60.00mm, R s = 0.00mm Sin( ) = Sin ( ) Hence, Force in Shaft, F = T 5.89 1000 R F = 0 Design of Srocket Centre distance between the Srocket = 180mm Number of teeth s available on srocket Z = 1 Pitch of the Srocket = 0.65 = 15.875mm Diameter of Srocket π Sin( ) = 60.mm F = 19N Where, = Pitch of srocket =15.875 Select the standard diameter as 60mm 15.875*1*5 Where, = itch, Z = no of teeth, n = seed V = = 0.11m/s. 60*10 By using the diameter and velocity we can easily calculate the required ull and allowable ull. F*V P = 10 *K l *Ks Where, F = required force, = ower, v = velocity, K l = Load factor, K s = Service factor F*0.11.1 = 10 *1.1*1 Allowable ull, F = 15N F u F = a n o 17900 F = = 57.14N a 7 Where, F u = Ultimate load, n 0 = Working factor of safety z + z L = * C * cosα + * α c Length of chain in itches is given by 1 Where, C c = center distance in itch, Cc = 180/15.87 = 11.8 = 1 itches -1 D - D 1 1 60 60 0 α = sin sin 0 c 60 L = *1*cos(0)*(1+1/) =6 itches Length of chain L = L * L = 6*15.875 = 571.5mm Correct center distance L = *(C/)*cos(α)+(Z 1+Z /)+α 6 = *(C/15.875)*cos(0)+1 C = 190.5mm. Design of Shaft Uward force = Downward force R A + R B = 19 N R B = 96 N R A = 96 N Shear force diagram SF A = 96 N SF B = -96 N SF C = 0 N Bending moment diagram BM A = 0 N-mm BM B = 19*8.6 = 1945. N-mm BM C = 0 N-mm Maximum bending moment in shaft M b = 1945.8 N-mm 5
Kiran and Dathwade Euro. J. Adv. Engg. Tech., 016, (9):50-54 Maximum twisting moment in shaft, 9550*1000*68 5 Diameter of shaft, 9550*1000*P M = t n 5 M = = 1.854*10 N-mm t 1 1 16 k *M + K *M πτ b b t t [7] Where, P = Power, n = Seed of shaft Where, τ = Permissible shear stress, M b = Bending moment, M t = Twisting moment, K b = Shock factor, K t = Endurance factor. Select the value of K b = 1.5 and K t = 1. The ermissible shear stress for steel shaft is τ = 10 N/mm. 1 1 16 1.5*1945.8 + 1*1.854*10 π*10 19.4 mm = 0 mm. 5 Fig. 5 Fig.5 Chassis Fig.6 Wheels Clamed to Shaft Fig.7 Rotary Encoder Connecting to Wheel Fig.8 Microcontroller Connections 5
Kiran and Dathwade Euro. J. Adv. Engg. Tech., 016, (9):50-54 Fig.9 Actual Model FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY The fabrication of the robotic vehicle began with material survey. The major fabrication art was fabricating the chassis of the robotic vehicle. The chassis form the integral art of the robotic vehicle as it suorts all the other comonents of the vehicle as well as the ower train of the vehicle. Material survey was made to study the otimum materials which can be used for chassis. Two such materials were shortlisted. The material to be chosen for the chassis fabrication was to be light weight so as to make the vehicle not too heavy for Indians farmers. However aluminium channels require costlier aluminium welding and thus the other choice was to go for steel ies. These ies are not only economical to use but also rovide the required strength and can be easily welded. Therefore the chassis was fabricated in steel ies. The fabricated chassis is as shown in the Fig. [6-7]. After the chassis fabrication was comlete the motors were clamed onto the chassis. Wheel clamed on the shaft. This comleted the entire mechanical fabrication art. The electronics included interfacing the rotary encoder to the wheel and then making all the microcontroller connections as shown in the fig.9. The rotary encoder was interfaced to the wheel and then microcontroller connections were made to comlete the entire roject. CONCLUSION From the literature survey it is well secified that the all the machines are designed to seed sowing urose. These machines are includes digging mechanism, sowing of seed in farm and then cover it with the soil roerly. But these machines can do sowing of seed for a same itch in a row. To overcome this disadvantage here in this roject imlementing the seed sowing machine for variable itch. Using of microcontroller in this machine make it as automated for seed sow Machine is design to sow the seed at variable itch in a row. In future this vehicle can be added with other sensors such as soil H sensors and temerature and humidity sensors which are other factors in farming. Also addition of rainfall sensors can be used to detect and calculate the amount of irrigation to the cros in addition to the moisture sensor. REFERENCES [1] A Kannan and K Esakkiraja, Design Modifications in Multiurose Sowing Machine, International Journal of Research in Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering, 014,, 5-40. [] Roshan V Marode and Gajanan P Tayade, Design and Imlementation of Multi Seed Sowing Machine, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, 01,, 67-76. [] L Sheela and M Priyadarshini, Command Based Self-Guided Digging and Seed Sowing Rover, International Conference on Engineering Trends and Science & Humanities, 015, 5-0. [4] Ayesha Akhtar, Ankit Munshi Mohammad Fuzail Qaiser, Automatic Seed Planter Punching Tye, International Journal of Emerging Technology & Research, 014, 1, 71-74. [5] S Swetha and GH Shreeharsh, Solar Oerated Automatic Seed Sowing Machine, International Journal of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 015, 4, 67-71. [6] PL Srinivasa Murthy and J B K Das, Design of Machine Element I and II, Sana Book House Publishers, India, Third Revised Edition, 010. [7] K Lingaiah, Machine Design Data Handbook I & II, Suma Publishers, India, Fourth Edition, 006. [8] CP Kothandaraman, S Subramanyan, Heat and Mass Transfer Data Book, New Age International Publishers, India, Sixth Edition, 007. 54