STANDARD BRIDGE & CULVERT COMPONENTS Alberta Bridge Inventory In Alberta there are about 13,300 bridges. Types of bridges in Alberta: Standard bridges 3521 (26%) Bridge size culverts 8348 (63%) Major bridges 1435 (11%) Standard Bridges Typical Bridge Components Any bridge which is built according to standard drawings (plans) is classified as a standard bridge. DECK SUPERSTRUCTURE For inspection purposes standard bridges are divided into two basic features: Superstructure Substructure PIER PART OF SUBSTRUCTURE ABUTMENT PART OF SUBSTRUCTURE 1
Typical Bridge Components Superstructure It carries the load applied to the deck and transfers it to bridge supports. Substructure It transfers load from the superstructure to the foundation soil or rock. It includes all elements below the bearings. Typical Bridge Components Deck Provides a smooth & safe riding surface Transfers load of the deck to other components. Three common material used for the deck: Wood Concrete Steel Superstructure for Standard Bridges SPLICE - EXPOSED EDGE FACES AWAY FROM Superstructure comprises of bearings and all elements above bearings, including: Bridgerail. Hazard markers. Timber stringers with timber deck. Reinforced concrete girders. Prestressed concrete girders. Bearings. APPROACHING TRAFFIC TIMBER POST W - BEAM BRIDGERAIL TIMBER BLOCK AT EVERY POST Timber Superstructure TIMBER STRINGERS WHEEL GUARD STRIP DECK SUB DECK NOTE: SUB DECK AND STRINGERS ARE TREATED WITH CREOSOTE. 2
HAZARD MARKER APPROACH GUARDRAIL W BEAM BRIDGERAIL CURB BRIDGERAIL 3.4 mm THICK THRIE BEAM GUARDRAIL Superstructure Substructure STEEL H - PILE NEOPRENE BEARING PAD STEEL PIPE PILE CONCRETE GIRDER CONCRETE CAP TOP OF FINISHED ROADWAY GUARDRAIL APPROACH RAIL TRANSITION SPAN 1 SPAN 2 Superstructure Substructure HAZARD MARKER TUBE TYPE BRIDGERAIL CURB 2.7 mm THICK W-THRIE BEAM TRANSITION SECTION 3.4 mm THICK THRIE BEAM GUARDRAIL STEEL H - PILE NEOPRENE BEARING PAD CONCRETE CAP STEEL PIPE PILE SPAN 1 SPAN 2 CONCRETE GIRDER TIMBER CAP CONCRETE GIRDER TIMBER PILE SPAN 1 SPAN 2 22 Reinforced Concrete Girders Concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension. Concrete bending members are reinforced with mild reinforcing steel to produce reinforced concrete girders. Prestressed Concrete Girders Girders are reinforced with high strength steel under tension. Girders are designed not to crack. Generally more economical. Reinforced Concrete Girders 2 0 16 16 2 11 7/8 TYPE "A" INT. 2 11 7/8 TYPE "G" INT. 2 11 7/8 TYPE "E" INT. 28 TYPE "A" CURB 12 TYPE "G" CURB 3 3 1 6 2 6 TYPE "E" CURB 12 PRODUCED FROM 1950 TO 1952 LENGTHS: 16, 20 & 28 PRODUCED FROM 1953 TO 1960 LENGTHS: 20 & 28 PRODUCED FROM 1952 TO 1965 LENGTHS: 30, 35, 40 & 42 3
1 9 2 5 3/4 1 8 2 11 7/8 12 PRODUCED FROM 1961 TO 1974 LENGTHS: 20, 28, 33 & 38 3 11 1/2 13 3/8 PRODUCED FROM 1974 TO 1979 LENGTHS: 20, 25, 30 & 35 20 20 20 Reinforced Concrete Girders TYPE "HC" INT. 2 11 7/8 TYPE "HC" CURB 1 9 12 Prestressed Concrete Girders TYPE VS INT. TYPE VS CURB 756 510 22 TYPE VH" INT. TYPE "VH" CURB PRODUCED FROM 1974 TO 1979 LENGTHS: 20, 28, 33 & 38 510 1206 510 340 PRODUCED FROM 1979 TO 1990 LENGTHS: 6, 8, 10 & 11 m TYPE SM INT. TYPE SM CURB 356 510 510 1206 510 340 LENGTHS: 6, 8, 10 & 12 m Prestressed Concrete Girders TYPE "SC" INT. 1206 TYPE "SC" EXT. 350 50 LENGTHS: 6, 8, 10 & 12 m 1206 350 50 510 TYPE "SC" INT. TYPE "SC" EXT. 510 CURRENTLY IN USE LENGTHS: 6, 8, 10, 12 & 14 m TYPE "SL" INT. TYPE "SL" EXT. 4
C STREAM C BRIDGE SKEW ANGLE "LHF" BRIDGE SKEW ANGLE Hazard Marker Warning sign at bridge approaches. Yellow board with black sloping lines. Placed at end of the bridge, in line with railing posts. 900 Bearings Neoprene or rubber pads or strips. Used over steel and concrete caps. Transmit all loads from superstructure to substructure. Permit longitudinal movement of the superstructure. Allow rotation caused by deflection. 5
Substructure comprises of all elements below bearings. Major components: Abutments Pier or Pile Bent (H pile pier or Pipe pile pier) Other components: Caps & Subcaps. Piles. Sheathing & Bracing. Wingwall Backwall Riprap TIMBER SCAB Substructures can be: Timber piles with timber cap Timber piles with steel cap Steel H piles with steel cap Steel H piles with concrete cap Steel pipe piles with concrete cap ANCHOR PILES ABUTMENT SUBCAP CAP SPLICE ABUTMENT CAP BACKWALL ABUTMENT PILES WINGWALL HEAVY ROCK RIPRAP WINGWALL PILE 6
STRUTS PIER CAP SUB CAP CAP SPLICE MAXIMUM HEIGHT FOR A SINGLE ROW OF PILING IS 3.0 m 3.0 m MAX. STEEL H PILE SCAB DECK SURFACE STEEL CAP 6.0 m MAX. Timber Piers ( 2 Types Of Bracing) STEEL BRACING GALVANIZED STEEL H-PILES HIGH BACKWALL ABUTMENT PIER STREAM BED STEEL NOSE (HALF VIEW ONLY) (HALF VIEW ONLY) WINGWALL PILE DECK SURFACE DECK SURFACE CONCRETE WINGWALL 1.25 m MAXIMIM STEEL CAP STEEL CAPITAL PLANK SHEATING 3.5 m MAXIMIM 1.0 m MAX CONCRETE PIER CAP 6.0 m MAX TIMBER PILES GALVANIZED STEEL H-PILES SPILL THROUGH ABUTMENT HALF VIEW ONLY PIER HALF VIEW ONLY STREAM BED ABUTMENT (HALF VIEW ONLY) STREAM BED PIER (HALF VIEW ONLY) GALVANIZED PIPE PILES 7
GALVANIZED STEEL CAP DOWEL C ABUT. & PILES SC GIRDER FILTER FABRIC 2.5 m MAX NEOPRENE PAD T.T PLANKING GALVANIZED STEEL CAP HP 310 X 94 GALVANIZED STEEL H-PILES SC PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDER BRIDGE WITH STEEL SUBSTRUCTURE HIGH ABUTMENT BACKWALL (ELEVATION) T.T NAILING STRIP BOLTED TO PILE GALVANIZED STEEL PILE HP 310 X 94 SC PRECAST GIRDER BRIDGE WITH STEEL SUBSTRUCTURE (SECTION) STEEL CAP ASPHALT FIBRE BOARD C PIER PILES DOWEL SC GIRDER SC GIRDER 5.5 m MAX PILE BRACING STEEL NOSE U/S NEOPRENE PAD 2.5 m MAX GALVANIZED STEEL CAP 2 - HP 310 X 94 C/W STIFFENER PLATES GALVANIZED STEEL PILES SC PRECAST GIRDER BRIDGE WITH STEEL SUBSTRUCTURE PIER (ELEVATION) GALVANIZED STEEL PILE HP 310 X 94 SC PRECAST GIRDER BRIDGE WITH STEEL SUBSTRUCTURE PIER (ELEVATION) 8
Culvert Components C CULVERTS U/S INVERT STREAMBED (U/S) INLET CONCRETE SHOULDER (OR COLLAR) CONCRETE HEADWALL ROADWAY CROWN OF ROAD CULVERT CLAY SEAL (BOTH ENDS) RIPRAP OUTLET APRON STREAMBED (D/S) CONCRETE CUT-OFF WALL BARREL SECTION D/S INVERT BEVEL END BEVEL END LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH CULVERT Culvert Components C CULVERT Culvert Components ARCH (HEADWALL) ROAD SURFACE TOP PLATES (ROOF OR TOP ARC) COLLAR APRON RISE SIDE PLATES (WALL OR SIDE ARC) INVERT CUT-OF-WALL ARCH (HEADWALL) SPAN BOTTOM PLATES (FLOOR OR BOTTOM ARC) INVERT COLLAR SECTION CUT-OF-WALL 9
Typical Inlet Configurations Concrete End Treatment H2 H1 SQUARE FLUSH INLET SQUARE PROJECTING INLET BEVEL FLUSH INLET BELL-MOUTH INLET (PLAN) F Uplift force, F is proportional to H1 H2 Seepage is proportional to H1 H2 Concrete End Treatment Concrete End Treatment Headwall Cut-off-wall Shoulder w F Concrete end treatment has five important functions: 1. Weight provides downward force to resist uplift. 2. Cut off wall lengthens the seepage path. 3. Shoulder strengthens the bevel edges. 4. Enhances the inlet transition. 5. Aesthetics. 10
Clay Seals Clay Seals Problems due to seepage: Fine material is removed from the granular backfill. Loss of material creates voids. Support length of the backfill is reduced. Culvert can deform. CLAY SEAL (EACH END) Uplift forces are increased. Scour Protection Aprons Scour Protection Aprons Flowing water causes shear forces on the bed. Shear force is proportional to velocity. High shear forces will erode bed and bank material. Causes fill stability problems at inlet and outlet. Causes structural deformation. Riprap is placed to protect the end of culverts. Larger and heavier riprap provides higher shear resistance. Cut off wall helps anchor riprap. 11
Culvert (SPCSP) Installation Culvert (SPCSP) Installation END 12