Fuzzy Logic for Design of Air Quality Analyser

uzzy Logic for Design of Air Quality Analyser uzzy Logic for Design of Air Quality Analyser Manjeet Chemistry Department, BRCM CET, Bahal, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana, India, E-mail: manjeetvijay@rediffmail.com. Vijay Pal Singh ECE Department, BRCM CET, Bahal, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana, India, E-mail: vijaybrcm@rediffmail.com. ABSTRACT: The moment we step out of the house and are on the road we can actually see the air getting polluted; a cloud of smoke from the exhaust of a bus, car, or a scooter; smoke billowing from a factory chimney, fly ash generated by thermal power plants, and speeding cars causing dust to rise from the roads. Natural phenomena such as the eruption of a volcano and even someone smoking a cigarette can also cause air pollution. When people think about air pollution, they usually think about smog, acid rain, CC s, and other forms of outdoor air pollution. But the air pollution also can exist inside homes and other buildings. Every year, the health of many people is affected by chemical substances present in the air within buildings. Pollution is an important issue being monitored and regulated in major industrial cities world over. Thus, air quality is one of the major environmental issues which depends upon introduction of the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the environment. Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory disease. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth s ecosystems. There is a great need to control the air pollution. or controlling the air pollution firstly we have to analyse the quality of air. International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011 25

Manjeet and Vijay Pal Singh To analyse the quality of air there are many parameters to be considered. In this paper, we have considered four parameters namely Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Oxides of Sulphur (Sox), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Carbon Mono-Oxide (CO). Keywords: Air quality, matter (SPM), oxides of sulphur (Sox), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon mono-oxide (CO). 1. INTRODUCTION Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the environment. Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory disease. Air pollution is often identified with major stationary sources, but the greatest source of emissions is mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth s ecosystems. 2. RELATED WORK Primoz Mlakar et. has predicted air pollution using Perceptron neural network [1]. In that paper effect of SOx and NOx is considered, and a Perceptron model is made to predict the air pollution. Jaeseok Choi et. has discussed the emission of CO2, SOx and NOx from the coal power plants and effect of these emissions on the air quality is shown using uzzy Logic [2]. 3. POLLUTANTS There are many substances in the air which may impair the health of plants and animals (including humans), or reduce visibility. These arise both from natural processes and human activity. Substances not naturally found in the air or at greater concentrations or in 26 International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011

uzzy Logic for Design of Air Quality Analyser different locations from usual are referred to as pollutants. Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include: Sulfur oxides (SO x ) especially sulfur dioxides are emitted from burning of coal and oil. Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Carbon monoxide is colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion. Volatile organic compounds (VOC), such as hydrocarbon fuel vapors and solvents. Secondary pollutants include: Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog, such as nitrogen dioxide. Ground level ozone (O 3 ) formed from NO x and VOCs. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) similarly formed from NO x and VOCs. International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011 27

Manjeet and Vijay Pal Singh 4. AIR QUALITY INDEX The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a standardized indicator of the air quality in a given location. It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates, but may also include sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Various agencies around the world measure such indices, though definitions may change between places [6]. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) differ on what AQI structure and health classification is used. Health classifications used by the EPA are given in ig. 1. igure 1: Air Quality Index (AQI). 5. ANALYSIS O AIR QUALITY USING UZZY LOGIC We have simulated an Air Quality Analyser using uzzy Logic [3]. There may be many parameters which can be considered to analyse the air quality, but in the present simulation, we have considered only four parameters [7]: 1. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM). 2. Oxides of Sulphur (Sox). 3. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). 4. Carbon Mono-Oxide (CO). As the quantity of above given substances increases in atmosphere the quality of air degrades. 28 International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011

uzzy Logic for Design of Air Quality Analyser 5.1. Input and Output Parameters We have taken Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Oxides of Sulphur (Sox), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Mono-Oxide (CO) as input parameters and Air Quality as output parameter as shown in ig. 3. igure 2: Input and Output Parameters. igure 3: Membership unctions SPM. All input parameters are taken in µg/m 3. or air quality American AQI scale is used. International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011 29

Manjeet and Vijay Pal Singh 5.2. uzzification Range of SPM is from 0 to 700µg/m 3. The whole range is distributed in three levels namely EW, MODERATE and HUGE. The membership functions [4] are shown in ig. 3. Range of SOx is from 0 to 200 µg/m 3. The whole range is distributed in three levels namely LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH. The membership functions are shown in ig. 4. Range of NOx is from 0 to 200µg/m 3. The whole range is distributed in three levels namely LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH. The membership functions are shown in ig. 5. igure 4: Membership unctions Sox. igure 5: Membership unctions NOx. 30 International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011

uzzy Logic for Design of Air Quality Analyser igure 6: Membership unctions CO. igure 7: Membership unctions Air Quality. Range of CO is from 0 to 8000 µg/m 3. The whole range is distributed in three levels namely LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH. The membership functions are shown in ig. 6. Air Quality is taken on scale of Air Quality Index from 0 to 400. The whole range is distributed in five levels namely VERY_HIGH, HIGH, MODERATE, LOW and VERY_LOW. The membership functions are shown in ig. 7. 5.3. Defuzzification In this step we calculate the crisp value of the fuzzy system. There are various methods for the method of calculation of crisp values; International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011 31

Manjeet and Vijay Pal Singh here we have used the centre of maximum (CoM) defuzzification [5] method for simulation of results. The input aggregation is minimum and the output aggregation used is maximum. 6. SIMULATION RESULTS & DISCUSSION This analysis simulation was programmed using Inform Software Corporation s fuzzy TECH 5.7. Every input was divided into four sets. Certain rules have been used in the simulation which are placed as Appendix. The summary of results is shown in Table 1 for 10 different cases. The surface curve for the four input parameters and one output parameter are shown in ig. 8, 9 10, 11, 12 and 13. Table 1 Results for 10 Different Cases. S.No. CO NOx SOx SPM Air Qua. 1. 6197 27 46 495 128 2. 2648 14 12 330 51 3. 1662 157 173 76 150 4. 3268 44 25 261 77 5. 2732 56 65 55 202 6. 7211 155 130 163 278 7. 7155 175 194 675 368 8. 2141 24 29 79 21 9. 4338 125 5 611 196 10. 1465 44 82 118 50 igure 8: Surface Curve for Input Parameter SOx, SPM and Output Parameter Air Quality. 32 International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011

uzzy Logic for Design of Air Quality Analyser igure 9: Surface Curve for Input Parameter NOx, SOx and Output Parameter Air Quality. igure 10: Surface Curve for Input Parameter NOx, SPM and Output Parameter Air Quality. igure 11: Surface Curve for Input Parameter CO, SPM and Output Parameter Air Quality. International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011 33

Manjeet and Vijay Pal Singh igure 12: Surface Curve for Input Parameter CO, SOx and Output Parameter Air Quality. igure 13: Surface Curve for Input Parameter CO, NOx and Output Parameter Air Quality. 7. CONCLUSIONS AND UTURE SCOPE uzzy logic is a problem solving control system methodology that can be further implemented in hardware. In this paper we have used our system for ten different cases to give Air Quality. This concept can be further implemented by using the sensors for all input parameters and the output can be displayed. 34 International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011

uzzy Logic for Design of Air Quality Analyser REERENCES [1] Primoz Mlakar et., Perceptron Neural Network-Based Model Predicts Air Pollution, Proc. of the 1997 International Conference on Intelligent Information Systems (IIS 97); pp. 345. [2] Jaeseok Choi et., CO2, SOx and NOx Emissions Constrained Multi-Criteria- Best Generation Mix Using uzzy Set Theory, Proc. of 2007 Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering, Volume, 10-12 Oct., 2007; pp. 118-124. [3] L.A.Zadeh uzzy Sets, Information & Control, 8, pp. 338-353, 1996. [4] Ibrahim. Ahmad. M, Introduction to Applied uzzy Electronics, PHI. 2004. [5] T.J. Ross, uzzy Logic with Engg, Applications, MGH.1997. [6] Website of Central Pollution Control Board of India, http://www.cpcb.nic.in/ [7] Deswal S. A Basic Course in Environmental Studies, Dhanpat Rai & Co., 2004. International Journal of Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec 2011 35