Market Update for Rare Earths 2013 USGS Congressional Briefing Series December 13, 2013 Joseph Gambogi Rare Earth Commodity Specialist USGS National Minerals Information Center U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
Heavy Rare Earth Elements Light Rare Earth Elements Rare Earths the Lanthanide Series, Scandium, and Yttrium Atomic # Symbol Name 21 Sc Scandium 57 La Lanthanum 58 Ce Cerium 59 Pr Praseodymium 60 Nd Neodymium 61 Pm Promethium 62 Sm Samarium 63 Eu Europium 64 Gd Gadolinium 65 Tb Terbium 66 Dy Dysprosium 67 Ho Holmium 68 Er Erbium 69 Tm Thulium 70 Yb Ytterbium 71 Lu Lutetium 39 Y Yttrium
Uses Catalysts: Ce, La, Nd Metallurgical Alloys Batteries: La, Ce, Nd, Pr Magnets: Nd, Pr, Sm, Dy, Tb Polishing: Ce, La, Nd Other Ceramics: Y Phosphors: Eu, Y, Tb Electronics Fiber optics and lasers: Er, Y, Nd, Yb, Tm, Pr, Ho Glass additives: Ce, La, Nd, Er Neutron absorption: Nd
Global Rare Earth Deposits and Occurrences
Rare Earth Mining Locations
Metric tons Supply Rare Earth Oxide World Mineral Production Trends 2009 2013 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 China Rest of World
Metric tons China s Rare-Earth Production and Export Quotas 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Production Quota Export Quota
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Dollars per kilogram, REO Dollars per kilogram, REO Average Prices of Selected Rare- Earth Oxides (REO) 250 3,500 200 La 3,000 2,500 150 100 50 Ce Pr Nd Sm Gd Y 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Eu Tb 0 0 Source: Metal-Pages Ltd
Metric tons, REO equivalent U.S. Imports for Consumption of Rare Earth Materials 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Ferrocerium Alloy Mixed chlorides Cerium compounds Mixed oxides Compounds 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Closing Thoughts China continues to dominate rare-earth supply Numerous projects for mining and separation underway Prices of rare-earths have decreased significantly U.S. imports of rare-earths increased in 2013 Consumers pursuing conservation and recycle programs
Contact Information Joseph Gambogi National Minerals Information Center U.S. Geological Survey 989 National Center Reston, VA 20192 voice: 703-648-7718 fax: 703-648-7757 e-mail: jgambogi@usgs.gov http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals
Market Update for Rare Earths 2013 USGS Congressional Briefing Series December 13, 2013 Joseph Gambogi Rare Earth Commodity Specialist USGS National Minerals Information Center U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
Heavy Rare Earth Elements Light Rare Earth Elements Rare Earths the Lanthanide Series, Scandium, and Yttrium Atomic # Symbol Name 21 Sc Scandium 57 La Lanthanum 58 Ce Cerium 59 Pr Praseodymium 60 Nd Neodymium 61 Pm Promethium 62 Sm Samarium 63 Eu Europium 64 Gd Gadolinium 65 Tb Terbium 66 Dy Dysprosium 67 Ho Holmium 68 Er Erbium 69 Tm Thulium 70 Yb Ytterbium 71 Lu Lutetium 39 Y Yttrium
Uses Catalysts: Ce, La, Nd Metallurgical Alloys Batteries: La, Ce, Nd, Pr Magnets: Nd, Pr, Sm, Dy, Tb Polishing: Ce, La, Nd Other Ceramics: Y Phosphors: Eu, Y, Tb Electronics Fiber optics and lasers: Er, Y, Nd, Yb, Tm, Pr, Ho Glass additives: Ce, La, Nd, Er Neutron absorption: Nd
Global Rare Earth Deposits and Occurrences
Rare Earth Mining Locations
Metric tons Supply Rare Earth Oxide World Mineral Production Trends 2009 2013 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 China Rest of World
Metric tons China s Rare-Earth Production and Export Quotas 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Production Quota Export Quota
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Dollars per kilogram, REO Dollars per kilogram, REO Average Prices of Selected Rare- Earth Oxides (REO) 250 3,500 200 La 3,000 2,500 150 100 50 Ce Pr Nd Sm Gd Y 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Eu Tb 0 0 Source: Metal-Pages Ltd
Metric tons, REO equivalent U.S. Imports for Consumption of Rare Earth Materials 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Ferrocerium Alloy Mixed chlorides Cerium compounds Mixed oxides Compounds 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Closing Thoughts China continues to dominate rare-earth supply Numerous projects for mining and separation underway Prices of rare-earths have decreased significantly U.S. imports of rare-earths increased in 2013 Consumers pursuing conservation and recycle programs
Contact Information Joseph Gambogi National Minerals Information Center U.S. Geological Survey 989 National Center Reston, VA 20192 voice: 703-648-7718 fax: 703-648-7757 e-mail: jgambogi@usgs.gov http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals