Coastal Community Planning and Management (top-down issues) SOC5200 Coastal Community Development Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin Website: khairulhkamarudin.wordpress.com
The boundary between the land and ocean is generally not a clearly defined line on a map, but occurs through a gradual transitional region What is coastal community? Coastal management needs definition The coast is where land and ocean meet Natural process (rise and fall of tides and the passing of storms) making coast highly dynamic in both space and time Transitional region coastal zone/ coastal area
Physical features landward limit, or seaward limit of submarine platform (2 km each for Sri Lanka) Variables of coastal community Biological features landward limit of a coastal vegetation complex, or seaward limit of a fringing reef Constructed landmarks roads, canals, railways, well-known buildings Coastal boundaries are not fixed, but vary according to range of variables.. Administrative boundaries which determined by municipalities
Introduction Of the 6.0 billion people alive today an estimated 1.7 billion (38%) of the world population, live within 50km of the coast Nearly 45% of the global population is estimated to live within 150km of the coast (almost the same number of world population in the mid-1950s) Estimation by 2050, there will be nearly 4.0 billion people living within 150km of the coast (almost the same with world population in 1970s)
Coastal area/coastlines are the world s most important and intensely used of all areas settled by human therefore require intensive planning and management activities in a sustainable ways Coastal resources constantly placed under great pressure and intense competition need long-term management to achieve sustainable development in coastal area
Emerging needs for coastal community and area management (change in attitude due to) a) Advances in economic theories on supply and demand b) The developing realisation that society had the ability to destroy the environment, ultimately affecting its survival c) Social reforms d) Studied attempts to plan for resource management
Focus and thinking of community development coastal 1950s 1970s : sectoral approach; less ecological considerations; man-against-nature participation low, reactive focus ethos, public
1970s 1990s : increase in environmental assessment, coordination between sectors, increased public participation; proactive and reactive focus
1990s 2000 : focus on sustainable development, comprehensive environment management; environmental restoration; emphasis on public participation
2000 2010 : focus on tangible implementation of sustainable development, legislate environmental management for coastal area; shared governance; ICT
Future : SD at all scale, level, timeframe, location and issues; Connect community in comprehensive coastal area management; address climate change; advanced technology for mitigation, monitoring etc.
Shifting from traditional development pattern to sustainable development pattern for coastal area management Sustainable and unsustainable approaches to coastal resource use (adopted from Dutton & Saenger, 1994)
Issues to action: Emerging Challenges in Coastal Area, Community Development and Management There are a strengthening consensus among scientists that many ecosystems, including coasts, continue to degrade lack of progress in addressing many of the challenges faced in managing coastal ecosystem/community Globally, coasts are under a number of threats or face issues with a number of underlying social and economic drivers, resulting in many complex and inter-related problems
Threats to coastal ecosystem and their community & key drivers Type of threats HABITAT LOSS OR CONVERSION Coastal development (ports, urbanisation, tourism-related sites, industry, etc.) Destructive fisheries (dynamite, cyanide etc.) Drivers Population growth, poor policies Demand for aquaria fish, market driven, competition Coastal deforestation (mangrove) Lack alternative materials, competition, poor policies Civil engineering works Transport+energy demand, poor policy, lack of knowledge on impacts on environment Environmental change caused by conflicts/wars Competition for scarce resources, political instability, poverty Aquaculture-related habitat conversion Demand for luxury items, food security, declining wild stocks, inability to compete etc.
Threats to coastal ecosystem and their community & key drivers Type of threats HABITAT DEGRADATION Eutrophication from land-based sources (agri waste, sewage, fertilisers) Pollution toxics and pathogens from land-based sources Drivers Urbanisation, poor treatment facilities, poor practices, loss of natural controls Lack of awareness, poor regulation Pollution dumping Lack alternative for disposal methods, increase costs pollution shipping related Substandard and poor regulations, no investment in safety Salinisation of estuaries due to decreased freshwater inflow Demand for water and electricity, territorial disputes Alien species invasions Lack of regulations and agreement among neighbouring Global warming and sea level rise Lacking in emission control, poor planning, over carrying capacity
Threats to coastal ecosystem and their community & key drivers Type of threats OVER-EXPLOITATION Directed take of low value species at high volumes exceeding sustainable levels Directed to take for luxury markets (high value low volume) exceeding sustainable levels Incidental take or by-catch Subsistence and artisanal effort increasing as food security declines Drivers Subsistence and market demand, improve fish-find technology, poor regional agreement, lack of enforcement, subsidies Demand for specialty foods, aquarium fish, lack of awareness Subsidies, by-catch has no cost Unempowered local people, breakdown of traditional structures
Typical issues for coastal nations example from the Philippines (Milne et al., 2003)
Challenges in Coastal Community Development and Management Population growth and urbanization is the driver behind many (if not most), coastal problems. Advanced technology (GIS) can estimates population growth quite accurate info on demographic Estimated to 38% global population living within 100km of the coast (using digital world vector shoreline) Most of the population increase in the coast in major urban areas/urban centres along the coast i.e. contribute to 50% of population lives in large cities globally
Population growth and urbanization the clearest result of population growth in the coast is the accelerating rate of urbanisation
Population change and rate or urbanisation in coastal megacities (2010 and 2025) (phys.org)
Expansion of urban development (urbanization) use of engineering solution to develop housing, industry, facilities etc.
Challenges in Coastal Community Development and Management To direct financial and human resources effectively to the management of coastal area due to administration systems established on sectoral lines (sectoral-based systems) focus on each part of a government s operations (e.g. transportation, employment, health, environment) usually create many SOP and plans, lack of coordination
Expansion of land use planning Introduce zoning complexity Cannot develop Can develop
Coastal planning open space area for public good and health
Pollution waste disposal (sanitation) in coastal areas/waters
Potential impacts of climate change and sea-level rise on coastal systems Biophysical impacts can include the following: Increased coastal erosion More extensive coastal flooding Higher storm surge flooding Landward intrusion of seawater in estuaries and aquifers Changed in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics Changes in the distribution of pathogenic micro-organisms Higher sea-surface temperatures Reduced sea-ice cover
Potential impacts of climate change and sea-level rise on coastal systems Related socio-economic impacts can include the following: Increased loss of property and coastal habitats Increased flood risk and potential loss of life Damage to coastal protection works and other infrastructure Increased disease risk Loss of renewable and subsistence resources Loss of tourism, recreation and transportation functions Loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality McLean and Tayban (2001), adapted from Choke et al)
Issue : coastal hazards and climate change cyclones, storm surges and tsunami hazards
Typhoon Sandy
Issue : coastal hazards and climate change Difficult to manage risk to people and environment Economic impacts to developing countries insurance institutions are lacking Q: who will pay to manage mitigation?
Issue : coastal hazards and climate change Coastal erosion caused by long-term tectonic / isostatic and land subsidence
Coastal erosion (1) effects on human i.e. insurance and loss of home (2) effects on environment i.e. loss of land
Issue : coastal hazards and climate change - Rising sea level
Issue : regulation and enforcement Regulation, permit and licenses Enforcement
Coastal Use some issues Resource exploitation Fisheries (aquaculture) Forestry (mangrove) Oil and gas (plant/facilities) Mining (sand, coral)
Coastal Use some issues (pollution) Infrastructure Transportation Ports Wind farm Shoreline protection works Defence
Coastal Use some issues Tourism & recreation Coastal area and community are important to the tourism sector. Coral reef support tourism industry in Florida Keys worth US$1.2 billion In Canada, marine tourism contributed US$421m and US$774m for recreational fishing MALAYSIA: In 1985 it was reported that around sixty to seventy percent of tourists in the country visited coastal areas (JICA, 1987). The majority being day-trippers who visited coastal areas for picnics or water-based recreational activities such as swimming. There has been no recent updates of the data, but it can be assumed that given the encouraging growth in the country s economy and increased leisure time, more people will have visited coastal areas during the period after the study (Basiron, 1994)
Coastal Use some issues Tourism & recreation Main thrusts of the Government policies towards the developing and managing the tourism sector in Malaysia (Basiron, 1994): generation of foreign exchange;- generation of employment opportunities;- promotion of rural/cottage industries;- encourage of equitable economic and social development throughout the country;- accelerate urban/rural integration and cultural exchange;- encourage participation in the sector by all ethnic communities;- enhance Malaysia s image at the international level; and- foster national unity.
Basiron, 1994
Coastal Planning & Management
Level of government Federal / national level Horizontal components Differentiation of government departments by function Ports Fisheries Environment Tourism Foreign affairs State/ provincial level Local level Differentiation of government departments by function Ports Fisheries Environment Tourism Land planning Differentiation of government departments by function Engineering Park & recreation Health Land planning Vertical components Example of national system of coastal management governance vertical and horizontal components (Kay and Alder, 1999)
Strategy Vision Goals Policies Coastal community planning system (Bangda, 1996) case study of Sulawesi, Indonesia Zoning plans Priority areas Other areas Management plans Area plans Species plans Response plans Action / project plans Government initiatives Private industry developments Community-based projects
Advantages and disadvantages of centralization and localism in coastal management Advantages of centralism Advantages of localism 1 Increased general perspective Intimate knowledge of the problems 2 More abstraction More localized outlook 3 More experts available Greater likelihood of living with the effects of a decision, creating an incentive to be successful 4 Increased funds A stronger need for integration as one 5 Greater political will pproaches more concrete environmental and social situations 6 Greater specialization Less fragmentation of occupational specialization
Conservation Participatory Non-statutory Limited scope Planning Sectoral Development Technical Statutory/regulatory Comprehensive Implementation Integrated Range of orientation of coastal community management programs (White, 1995)
Management techniques used in coastal management strategy case study of Sri Lanka Policy Management technique (could be >1) EROSION CONTROL Regulate development suitability at specific sites Insure proper location in relation to the shoreline Regulate amount, location and timing of sand mining Built coast protection structures at appropriate locations Regulate private construction of groynes, revetments Limit construction in erosion prone areas Education, permit Setback, education Permit, devolution Master plan for coast erosion management Permit No-build zones
Management techniques used in coastal management strategy case study of Sri Lanka Policy Management technique (could be >1) HABITAT PROTECTION Regulate location/use of development activities relative to valued habitats Regulate discharges from development which may affect habitats Reduce resource use conflicts Education, permit, special area management Permit, education Special area management
Management techniques used in coastal management strategy case study of Sri Lanka Policy Management technique (could be >1) COASTAL POLLUTION Regulate effluent discharge of new development activities Permit ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND SCENIC SITES Regulate development activities in relation to valued sites Permit, education
Framework for developing a community-based management program (White et al., 1994) Basis for change Basic considerations Site selection Implementing structure and resources Resource users Support structures State of the environment Social factors Personnel eligibility Process for change Sustainable development Preparation Self-reliance, organised communities, and ecologically conscious Security of ecology, productivity and balance Economic upliftment Integration with community Community education Reserve establishment and management Strengthening Wider access to resources and social services Social equity Evaluation/phase out Desired change
Your role and contribution field study and data collection
Your role and contribution Hands-on SPSS (data entry, processing and analysis) Thank you