Bundle 6 Test Review DNA vs. RNA DNA Replication Gene Mutations- Protein Synthesis 1. Label the different components and complete the complimentary base pairing. What is this molecule called? Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribose sugar Hydrogen Bond Phosphate group (PO 4) Nucleotide (monomer) C 2. Shortly describe what happens at each step of DNA replication (SYNTHESIS of DNA). 1. original (parent) DNA 2. Helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix 3. DNA polymerase adds bases in the 5 3 direction 4. Ligase seals the strands once all of the bases are added to the template 5. DNA is semiconservative; 2 complementary strands (1 old parent strand and 1 new daughter strand) 3. Why the DNA replication is called semiconservative? One original parent strand is conserved, one new daughter strand is made. 4. What roles do helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase and ligase play in DNA replication? Helicase: unwind & unzip double helix DNA polymerase: adds N bases and proofreads It can only add bases/nucleotides in one direction (circle: 3 to 5 or 5 to 3 ) Ligase: seals the strands ( The glue )
5. Fill in the table to compare and contrast DNA and RNA. Feature DNA RNA Name of molecule Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Number of strands in molecule 2 1 Type of sugar in nucleotide Deoxyribose Ribose Nitrogenous bases A,T,G,C A,U,G,C Monomer Nucleotide Nucleotide Nucleotide components Deoxyribose, Phosphate, N-base Ribose, Phosphate, N-base Function Genetic information Helper molecule (various types) Shape Double helix Single stranded Location in cell Nucleus Nucleus/cytoplasm 6. Fill in the table to indicate the differences between mrna, trna, and rrna. For numbers #3-#5 check the appropriate box in the table below. Types of RNA mrna rrna trna 1. Stand for messenger ribosomal transfer 2. Function Carries genetic information (instructions) from the nucleus to the ribosome, rrna RIBOSOME Reads message & assembles AA into proteins (makes proteins) Transfers an amino acid to the growing protein chain on a ribosome. 3. Codon 4. Anticodon 5. Cloverleaf shape 7. What is a mutation? Change in DNA nucleotide sequence 8. What is a gene mutation? Change in small section of DNA (ex: point mutation) 9. What are the types of gene mutations? substitution and frameshift 10. What is a point mutation? Change in one base in DNA of one gene Give an example. Base substitution (Missense)=Sickle Cell Anemia 11. What is a frame shift mutation? Addition or deletion of one single base Give an example. Insertion/Deletion 12. Why are the frameshift mutations the most harmful? Affects every amino acid whose sequence occurs after the mutation 13. What causes mutations and why are they important? Mutagens (ex: x-rays, UV rays, carcinogens); contribute to genetic diversity
14. What is the Central Dogma of biology? DNA RNA Protein 15. How do we move information from DNA to proteins? Fill in the missing information. Process:DNA replication Location:Nucleus Process: Transcription Location: Nucleus Process: Translation Location: Ribosome Molecule: DNA Molecule: mrna Molecule: Protein 16. Place the correct terms into the illustration boxes. Terms to use: Amino Acid, Codon, Anticodon, DNA, Mature mrna, mrna, Nuclear Envelope, Protein, Ribosome (rrna), trna, Transport to cytoplasm, Transcription, Translation, Cell membrane.
DNA Transcription Nuclear Envelope Mature mrna Amino Acid Transport to cytoplasm Protein trna Translation Anticodon mrna Ribosome Codon Cell Membrane 17. Where does transcription take place in the cell? Nucleus 18. Where does translation take place in the cell? In the cytoplasm ON THE RIBOSOME 19. Where in the cell does mrna travel to? Ribosome 20. What is a codon and anticodon? Codon every 3 bases that specify an amino acid (on the mrna strand) Anticodon - 3 complimentary bases bind to the mrna codon. (on the trna strand) 21. Look at the following molecule of DNA. Transcribe DNA into mrna strand and translate it into a protein. Also include the processes that are taking place at each of these steps. Process: Transcription
A G G C G C G U C U C G A U C Process: Translation U C C G C G C A G A G C U A G Arg. Arg. Val. Ser. Ile. 22. Use the diagram below explain the difference between an exon and intron? Which one is used?exons Exon coding region of mrna Intron non-coding junk region of mrna 23. Identify the processes in the pictures. Process: Translation Process: Transcription Process: DNA replication