The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology In the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, this process occurs when mrna is made from DNA? A. TranscripBon B. TranslaBon C. ReplicaBon 1
DNA: The ultimate instruction manual hdp://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/dna- abcs 3,080,000,000 characters (750 MB data or 5000 textbooks) Only 4 letters make up the code Human possess approx. 29,000 protein-coding genes on 23 chromosomes Approximately 1000 genes per chromosome All of this information is in each and every one of our 60-90 trillion Watson and Crick James D. Watson Francis Crick Wrote the 1953 Nature Journal article describing the structure of DNA Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure of Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Won the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize in Physiology or Medicine Demonstrated the double helix structure of DNA Used X-ray distraction data that was collected by Rosalind Franklin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35fwmipe9ti 2
The structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Nucleus www.wikipedia.org hdp://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/dna/dna.htm Sugar phosphate backbone Base (nucleobde) Hydrogen bond What is the direcbonality of DNA? A. 5 to 3 B. 3 to 5 C. 4 to 2 3
The double helix Adapted from www.genome.gov www.wikipedia.org Phosphodiester Bond Adapted from: hdp://www.web- books.com/mobio/free/ch3a5.htm 4
In double stranded DNA, adenine pairs with which nucleobde? A. Adenine B. Thymine C. Cytosine D. Guanine How many hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine nucleobdes in double stranded DNA? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 5
A phosphodiester bond forms between A. 5 PO 4 and 2 OH B. 5 PO 4 and 3 OH C. 5 OH and 2 PO 4 D. 5 OH and 3 PO 4 DNA is not a mysterious, complex molecule from a textbook! hdp://learn.genebcs.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ 6
DNA: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes DNA promoter Prokaryotes ATG TAA TAG TGA Term. DNA Eukaryotes promoter ATG TAA TAG TGA Term. Operon A cluster of genes that are controlled by a single promoter. Found in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (nematodes and flies) Genes are transcribed together into a single mrna Transcription is regulated by the operator sequence, which is between the promoter and genes Translation occurs by: Translating mrnas together Separating the mrnas into single mrnas, which are then translated. 7
The lac Operon The genes in the lac Operon are involved in the breakdown and metabolism of lactose Modified from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lac_operon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obwtxdi1zvk DNA Replication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfz8o9d1tus hdp://universe- review.ca/f11- monocell.htm 8
Bacterial DNA contains introns A. True B. False What is the purpose of helicase in DNA replicabon? A. Unwinds the dsdna into single strands B. Adds a short single stranded oligo to inibate DNA synthesis C. Forms phosphodiester bonds 9
H - bonds A T C G Phosphodiester backbone You each are going to receive a kit with materials needed to make DNA. Inside your kit you will find: Licorice which will serve as your phosphodiester bonds Jelly candy which will serve as your nucleotides Tooth picks which will serve as your hydrogen bonds. You will also attach your nucleotides to your phosphodiester bonds with toothpicks. Each student will need to make a double stranded DNA molecule based on the single stranded sequence (sense strand) that is in your kit. Be sure to include the correct anti-sense strand as well as the appropriate number of hydrogen bonds. nucleobdes Let s make Candy DNA! Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) ribose deoxyribose Adapted from www.genome.gov 10
What are some differences between DNA and RNA? In mrna, adenine pairs with which nucleobde? A. Adenine B. Thymine C. Uracil D. Cytosine E. Guanine 11
mrna is single stranded. A. True B. False Transcription = the process of making RNA from DNA REPLICATION TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION DNA RNA PROTEIN 12
Definitions Promoter: a region of DNA that is upstream of a gene where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription. Transcription factor: a protein that binds DNA at specific sequences and aids in the initiation of transcription. RNA polymerase: an enzyme involved in transcription that synthesizes an mrna molecule from a DNA template Terminator: a region of DNA that is downstream of a gene where RNA polymerase stops transcribing a gene. Simplified overview of transcription www.blackwellpublishing.com 13
Transcription Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsofh466lqk What is a promoter? A. A protein that acbvates RNA polymerase B. A single stranded oligo that tells RNA polymerase where to transcribe mrna C. An area of DNA upstream of the gene where RNA polymerase binds 14
Transcription: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes DNA Prokaryote promoter ATG transcription Gene TAA TAG TGA Term. DNA transcription Eukaryotes promoter Gene ATG TAA TAG TGA Term. mrna RBS mrna RBS processing mrna RBS Which of the following is not a funcbon of the 5 cap of eukaryobc mrna? A. Transport of mrna out of the nucleus B. IniBaBon of transcripbon C. Increase the stability of mrna D. Aid in mrna splicing 15
Translation Process by which the mrna is decoded by the ribosome to generate a specific polypeptide made up of amino acids hdp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/ michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio %20101%20lectures/protein%20synthesis/protein.htm Translation hdp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bledd- PSTQ&feature=related 16
Genetic Code hdp://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/ N100/2k3ch13dogma.html Translation: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes DNA transcription Prokaryotes promoter Gene ATG TAA TAG TGA Term. DNA Eukaryotes promoter ATG transcription Gene TAA TAG TGA Term. mrna RBS mrna RBS protein translation processing RBS mrna translation protein 17