Concentrating Solar Power Answers to key questions Robert Pitz-Paal, DLR
Overview Concentrating Solar Power How does it work? What is the difference to PV? What are the essential parts? How much land do they need? Do we have enough material to produce many of them? What is the difference between the different technologies? What is today s markt size? How much does solar electricity cost today? How to reduce the costs? How can Europe and Mena benefit from a cooperation? Slide 2 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
How does it work? Conventional power plants Slide 3 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
How does it work? Solar thermal power plants Slide 4 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
Relative electricity costs [%] Speicher Concentrating Solar Systems 105 100 95 no storage, electricity costs = 100% +2000 h 90 85 2000 h 80 75 Tageszeit Solar Anteil 100% 0 5 10 15 Thermal Storage = More operating Storage capacity hours = Cost [full-load reduction hours] * assuming specific investment costs for the storage of 10 Euro/kWh Slide 5 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
What is the difference to PV? Characteristics PV CSP Use Size Installation: Capacity: Reserve capacity: Proofed life time: Annual production (2004) Direct and diffuse sunlight from Watt to MW everywhere (roof etc.) 700 2000 full load hours External > 20 years >25 000 GWh Direct sunlight 10 MW to a few hundred MW flat unused land 2000 7000 full load hours Internal (fossil operation) > 20 years > 2 500 GWh LEC (today) 0,20 0,35 /kwh 0,15 0,25 /kwh Slide 6 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
What are their essential parts? Slide 7 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
How much land do they need? 1 km² of desert land yields up to 200-300 GWhe/year 1 km² of desert land equals 50 MW coal or gas plant 1 km² of desert land saves 500,000 bbl of oil / year 1 km² of desert land avoids 200,000 tons CO2 / year 1 km² of desert land can produce 165,000 m³ freshwater/day by desalination Slide 8 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
Do we have enough materials for solar collectors to provide 10% of the worlds electricity demand in 2050? Example: Eurotrough Parabolictrough Collector Field Material Material per mirror surface Material per GWh produced Material for 10% solar electricity supply* Annual production (in year) Steel 25 kg/m² 75 t/(gwh/y) 375 Mio. t 1100 Mio. t *2,500 TWh 3 m² Kollektor <-> 1 MWh/y (2005) Glass 1 m²/m² 3000 m²/(gwh/y) 15 Billion m² 6,1 Billion m² (2010) Cement 10 kg/m² 30 t/ (GWh/y) 150 Mio t 1,6 Billion t (1997) Cooper 100 g/m² 300 kg/(gwh/y) 1,5 Mio t 12,6 Mio t/y Slide 9 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
What is the difference between the different technologies? Slide 10 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
What is today s market size? Slide 11 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
How much does solar electricity cost today? Depends on many things.. Solar Ressource, Market condition, duration of contract, radiation, financing conditions, power size Example Spain up to 27 -cent/kwh in Spain Revenues ensured over the life-time of the power plant (25 years ) Units up to 50MW Hybrid operation allowed to buffer or cloud transients (12-15%) Slide 12 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
How much does solar electricity cost today? Comparison based on Levelized Cost of Electricity Technology LCoE Capacity EPC cost Cap factor Fuel costs O&M fix O&M var c/kwh MW /kw_e (-) c/kwh_e /kw/y c/kwh_e CSP: 100 MW w/o storage (Arizona) 17,9 100 3542 0,28 0 48 0 Pulverized coal: 650 MW: baseload 6,9 650 2391 0,90 2,9 27 0,3 Pulverized coal: 650 MW: midload 9,0 650 2391 0,57 2,9 27 0,3 Gas combined cycle mid-load 6,1 540 738 0,40 3,2 11 0,3 Wind onshore: 100MW 8,5 100 1841 0,30 0 21 0 Wind offshore: 400 MW 15,3 400 4511 0,40 0 40 0 Photovoltaic: 150 MW (Arizona): 21,2 150 3590 0,22 0 13 0 Calculation based on Data form US Department of Energy 2010, (Currency conversion 2010 $/ = 0.755) Slide 13 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
How to reduce costs of CSP systems? Reduce component cost by better design and better manufacturing process (mass production) Increase system efficiency Increase number of operating hours by adding thermal energy storage Use larger power block units Reduce O&M cost by automated operation, better component lifetime, larger units Slide 14 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
LCoE (EUR/MWh) How to reduce cost? 200,0 180,0 160,0 140,0 120,0 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Year Exponentiell (CSP high) Linear (Coal base) Linear (Coal mid) Linear (Gas) Exponentiell (CSP low) Calculation based on a learning rate of 15%, (CSP high) o 30% growth rate per year / CSP low 15% growth rate per year Fuel price increase of 3% per year Slide 15 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
Development of MENA electricity demand, and its coverage by power plants already existing in 2000 significant increase due to economic and population growth significant investments required for new plants window of opportunity for sustainable local electricity and water supply potential of future electricity exports unique opportunity for closer economic, political and social links with Europe Slide 16 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
Renewable energy resources in Europe and MENA in brackets: (max. yield in GWh el / km² /y) Slide 17 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
Electricity [TWh/y] Electricity Supply in the Middle East & North Africa Middle East & North Africa 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Desalination Export Solar Photovoltaics Wind Geothermal Hydropower Biomass Wave / Tidal CSP Plants Oil / Gas Coal Nuclear 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain Slide 18 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
Vision on electricity transfer from MENA to EU over a distance of 3000 km Hydrogen electrolysis and fuel cells: very high costs and 75% energy losses AC / HVAC lines: high cost and 45% / 25% energy losses 800 kv HVDC lines: lowest costs and 10% energy losses www.desertec.org Slide 19 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
Electricity [TWh/y] TRANS-CSP: Electricity Generation in Europe Electricity Production and Import All Countries 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 5 resources, mostly imported and limited Year Import Solar Import Other Photovoltaics Wind Geothermal Hydropower Biomass Wave / Tidal CSP Plants Oil Gas Coal Nuclear 10 resources, mostly domestic and unlimited Slide 20 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal
Thank you for your attention! Contact: robert.pitz-paal@dlr.de Slide 21 > Solar Research> Pitz-Paal