DNA RNA PROTEIN Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted
DNA Molecule of heredity Contains all the genetic info our cells inherit Determines every aspect of cellular function Indirectly determines our outward physical appearance (which is determined by cellular functions) DNA --> RNA --> Protein 2
RNA Molecule built off DNA Carries genetic info from DNA to Rough ER Used to make proteins Chains of amino acids DNA --> RNA --> Protein 3
Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA are nucleic acids Long chains of nucleotide subunits Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + base Base DNA --> RNA --> Protein 4
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides form a chain Sugar & phosphate form backbone Bases hang off the side DNA --> RNA --> Protein 5
Components of Nucleic Acids 2 possible sugars Deoxyribose Ribose Phosphate 5 possible bases Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Uracil (U) DNA --> RNA --> Protein 6
Components of Nucleic Acids DNA Sugar = deoxyribose Phosphate Bases Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine RNA Sugar = ribose Phosphate Bases Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine DNA --> RNA --> Protein 7
DNA Double-stranded molecule Bases pair to form cross links between strands A T C - G Entire molecule twists into alpha helix DNA --> RNA --> Protein 8
3 ways to Show DNA DNA --> RNA --> Protein 9
DNA Carries genetic info Chromosomes made of DNA + proteins DNA code is determined by the order of the bases DNA --> RNA --> Protein 10
DNA Replication Required before cell division Mitosis and meiosis Makes 2 exact copies of each chromosome Somatic cell division each daughter cell genetically identical DNA --> RNA --> Protein 11
DNA Replication Parent DNA unwinds New nucleotides pair with parent nucleotides A T, C G Enzymes bind nucleotides together Requires ATP Each strand builds its complement DNA --> RNA --> Protein 12
DNA Replication Replication several spots at once, then sections stitched together by enzymes Result is 2 identical daughter DNA molecules Each with half parent DNA (blue) and half new DNA (orange) DNA --> RNA --> Protein 13
How does DNA determine cell function? DNA serves as pattern for RNA RNA serves as pattern for proteins Protein shape determines protein function Protein function determines cell function Significant info is the base sequence DNA sequence RNA sequence amino acid sequence (protein) protein shape DNA --> RNA --> Protein 14
Cellular Factory DNA RNA Protein DNA is Chief Executive Officer CEO s office is nucleus RNA is email from CEO to work force directing activities Protein is work force of cell DNA --> RNA --> Protein 15
Transcription DNA RNA Gene = section of DNA coding for protein DNA opens, exposes gene side with code for protein RNA bases pair with DNA bases DNA RNA A U T A C G G C RNA polymerase stitches bases together DNA --> RNA --> Protein 16
Transcription DNA --> RNA --> Protein 17
Transcription Results in 3 types RNA Messenger RNA (mrna) Ribosomal RNA (rrna) Transfer RNA (trna) DNA --> RNA --> Protein 18
Translation RNA Protein 3 types of RNA used to make proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 19
mrna Carries code for amino acid sequence 3 bases = codon for one amino acid Has start and stop codons DNA --> RNA --> Protein 20
mrna Codons DNA --> RNA --> Protein 21
DNA RNA Protein DNA --> RNA --> Protein 22
trna Brings in correct amino acid for mrna codon DNA --> RNA --> Protein 23
rrna Reads mrna codon to bring in correct trna DNA --> RNA --> Protein 24
HANDS ON MAKE DNA DNA MAKE DNA RNA DNA --> RNA --> Protein 25
Translation RNA Protein Initiation mrna binds to small ribosome subunit trna binds to start codon Large ribosomal subunit binds to small subunit DNA --> RNA --> Protein 26
Translation Elongation DNA --> RNA --> Protein 27
Translation Elongation DNA --> RNA --> Protein 28
Translation Elongation DNA --> RNA --> Protein 29
Translation Elongation DNA --> RNA --> Protein 30
Translation Termination Ribosome reads stop codon DNA --> RNA --> Protein 31
HANDS ON MAKE RNA PROTEIN DNA --> RNA --> Protein 32
Proteins Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure DNA --> RNA --> Protein 33
Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 34
Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 35
Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 36
Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 37
Proteins DNA --> RNA --> Protein 38