Rootzone reality a fluxmeter network to measure and manage N leaching losses on cropping farms PAANZ Workshop Technology to reduce N leaching Paul Johnstone, Plant & Food Research
A rapidly changing farming landscape» Goal of farmers hasn t changed Farming for profit while minimising losses» Period of regulatory change intent vs demonstrate» Rise of tools for predicting whole farm outcomes and setting associated policies» Model vs measure» Recognition that farming systems are complex! The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Plugging a gap Rootzone reality» Provide growers and regional authorities with robust measurements of N and P leaching losses from cropping farms across sites and seasons under GMP s» Why?» Need more measured data for discussion» Need an idea about whether GMP s have the desired impact» Need to do it together to inform models and policy Overview:» Summary of network and sites» Year 1 findings» The role for precision technologies?
Measuring losses - tension fluxmeters» Why use tension fluxmeters?» Permanent and non-intrusive» Capture complete drainage events» Cost-effective approach» What is a tension fluxmeter?» PVC pipe that intercepts drainage (stores ~14 L)» Silica sand and DE reduce sediment transfer» Passive wick» Drainage pumped to surface through plastic tubes 200 mm 150 mm 150 mm 50 mm 1000 mm
Context - installing and testing fluxmeters» Installation process» Representative areas of fields, not extremes» Hole augured, unit lowered, soil carefully repacked» Top of fluxmeter is at a depth of 1.0 m» Testing performance» Disturbed soil needs to settle» Soil water balances to look at inputs (irrigation + rainfall) and outputs (drainage)
The fluxmeter network» Network design» Four monitor regions» Three sites per region» 12 fluxmeters per site (144 units)» Sites» Commercial fields» Range of soils, climates and management practices» Avoided high water tables, artificial drainage and stones
Key measurements Soil fertility (N, P, C ) Crop biomass (DM, N uptake, export) Drainage (volume, NO 3, NH 4, DRP, Total P)
Drivers of nutrient losses loading and drainage Low drainage High drainage Low soil fertility Low loss Low loss High soil fertility High risk High loss Implication: manage soil fertility and drainage
Measured loading soil nitrogen Mineral N (kg/ha, to 1 m depth) 400 300 200 100 0 N available today 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 High Moderate Low AMN (kg/ha, to 1 m depth) 400 300 200 100 0 N available soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 High Moderate Low Canterbury Manawatu Hawke s Bay Waikato/Auckland
Measured loading soil phosphorus 250 Olsen P (mg/kg, to 0.2 m depth) 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Above optimum Optimum Canterbury Manawatu Hawke s Bay Waikato/Auckland
Measured drainage Monitoring period (months) 3000 13 12 12 11 11 12 55 13 12 13 13 5 5 7 7 6 6 NR 0 Rainfall and irrigation (mm) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 NR Drainage Rainfall Irrigation Long term average rainfall No result 250 500 750 1000 1250 Drainage (mm) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1500 Canterbury Manawatu Hawke s Bay Waikato/Auckland
Measured nitrogen losses Cumulative mineral N losses (kg/ha) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Nitrate-N Ammonium-N NR No result What represents an acceptable economic loss? What represents an acceptable environmental loss? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 NR Canterbury Manawatu Hawke s Bay Waikato/Auckland
Measured phosphorus losses Cumulative Total P losses (kg/ha) Cumulative Total P losses (kg/ha) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 NR Total P DRP No result Not an economic driver What represents an acceptable environmental loss? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 NR Canterbury Manawatu Hawke s Bay Waikato/Auckland
Overall synthesis from network to date» Key stats since installation and October» Captured drainage ranged from 0.3 to 611 mm» N losses ranged from 0.2 to 226 kg N/ha» P losses ranged from 0.01 to 0.56 kg P/ha» Winter and spring losses dominate» Rainfall is a key driver;; reduce loading?» Irrigation not resulting in significant drainage during summer» High soil N and P levels = high risk» Value of data increases with long-term trends
Implications for precision technologies?» Tight management of water and nutrients is important to limit losses» GMP s are working» Precision technologies can also help» Likely to require different solutions» mapping, sensing, VRI, VRN» How to decide what to use and when?
Acknowledgements Grower collaborators Project managers: Diana Mathers (FAR) and Angela Halliday (Horticulture NZ) PFR team: Matt Norris, Shane Maley, Mike George, Gina Clemens, Steve Thomas, Steve Green, Carlo van den Dijssel, Paulo Zuccarini, Nathan Arnold, Adrian Hunt, Christina Finlayson, Glen Clark and Peter Wright.
The New Zealand Institute for P lant & Food Research L imited Paul.Johnstone@plantandfood.co.nz