ELTR 1223 Survey of Renewable Energy Technology Unit 3 Energy Conservation REEC 120 Sustainability and Renewable Energy Source:
Use Policy This material was developed by Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786. Additional changes were incorporated for REED 120 with funding from the Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training (TAACCCT) SGA/DFA PY 10-03 All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only. They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes. Source:
Author, Editors/Reviewers Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College Editors/ Modifier: Chris Miller, Heartland Community College Source:
Objectives Students will be able to describe the modern idea of energy conservation: using the phrases energy conversion(s) and resource (or commodity) consumption. Students will be able to list the common, contemporary energy uses in a typical home, and rank them in order from greatest to least. Source:
Objectives Students will be able to discuss at least 5 typical, individual energy uses in a contemporary U.S. home and describe how the idea of energy conservation can be gainfully applied to each individual energy use. Students will be able to discuss the contemporary idea of energy conservation relative to the modern idea of transportation. Source:
A Little Review from Last Session Climate change The U.N. s Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), defines climate change as: a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human The UNFCCC makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activities, and climate variability attributable to natural causes.
Global Warming and Climate Change Debate
Will things like this accelerate climate change? Source: http://media.grupojoly.com//cache//0000546526_230x230_jpg000.jpg
Largest Japanese Eruption in 50 years Source: Daily Mail Reporter, 27th January 2011
Will things like this accelerate climate change? http://www.csmonitor.com/environment/latest-news-wires/2012/0921/while-arctic-melts-antarctic-ice-hits-record.-is-warming-debunked
Let s Look at Tesla s Article 1) Increase Human Mass Sustainable food production/soil fertilization 2) Decrease Retarding Forces/Resistance Education Decrease War/Strive for Global Peace 3) Increase the Accelerating Force Harness the Sun s Energy Written and published in 1900!
What is energy conservation?
What is Energy Conservation? Energy is not consumed, it s converted! Energy conservation is not really about consuming less energy. Energy Conservation is really Commodity conservation.
How do we enact Energy Conservation? Reduce the loss or waste of the final form of energy we are using, where we are using it trap it or focus it. Use more efficient energy conversion processes. This means convert the available or fuel form of energy into as much of the desired form of energy as possible.
Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency = Energy actually applied to its intended purpose / total energy supplied to the process, machine, or system Eff. = E out / E in Example: Locally, electric resistance heaters are 100% efficient; BUT
A Few Principles of Energy Efficiency Energy always follows the path of least resistance from a high potential area to a low potential area, seeking equilibrium. Most energy conversions are NOT 100% efficient. The more conversions made from beginning input to final output, the less efficient the system will be. Local conversion is typically more energy efficient than remote, centralized conversion due to transmission losses.
Typical Residential Energy Use Ranked Largest to Smallest #1 Space Conditioning (HVAC) #2 Water Heating/Domestic Hot Water #3 Refrigeration and Freezing of Food #4 Clothes Washing and Drying #5 Cooking #6 Lighting #7 Electronics #4 thru #7 May Vary in Order
Space conditioning -- HVAC
HVAC Principles Energy moves from hi pressure to low pressure, until the pressures are equal From areas of abundance to areas of lack, until the relative abundance and lack disappears into homogeneity Heat energy moves From areas of high temperature to areas of low temperature, until the temperatures in both areas are equal.
HVAC Principles Heat and Temperature are DIFFERENT Heat refers to the quantity of energy present Typically measured in units like calories or BTUs Temperature refers to the intensity of the energy within the space or material containing it Typically measured in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius 30 seconds of torch time on a small nail, vs. 30 seconds of torch time on a railroad spike same heat energy, very different temperatures!
HVAC Conservation Principles Shelter-building is about creating an enclosed space with a hospitable temperature within, its walls forming a barrier between 2 temperature zones. The greater the temperature difference between 2 zones the faster the transfer of heat energy. The larger the surface area of the barrier between the zones, the faster the transfer of heat energy. The more conductive the barrier between the zones, the faster the transfer of heat energy.
HVAC Conservation Principles The concept of air infiltration. Gaps in the barrier between two temperature zones lead to more rapid transfer of hear energy. Examples: Gaps around moveable window panes Gaps around and under doors Gaps in siding and framing Others? 4, 6 8 x 3 doors, with 1/16 gaps all around = a hole in the wall that is x
HVAC Conservation? Given all the aforementioned principles, list as many ideas as you can think of to employ the principle of energy conservation relative to heating and cooling a home
Reduce the Volume and Mass! Source: http://ecx.imagesamazon.com/images/i/51v9gi1h3fl._sl160_.jpg Source: http://ecx.imagesamazon.com/images/i/51y%2bgowzipl._sl160_.jpg
Reduce the Barrier Surface Area! Source: http://www.domehome.com/images/400.jpg
Source: http://img.findaproperty.com/library/new/insulateroof.jpg Reduce the Conductivity = Increase the Insulation!
Types of Insulation Fiberglass Batts and Rolls Source: http://factoidz.com/images/user/insulation.jpg
Types of Insulation Blown-in Cellulose & Fiberglass Source: http://img215.imageshack.us/img215/8112/differentkindsofinsulat.jpg
Spray-in Foam Types of Insulation Source: http://oikos.com/library/showcase/iris_communications/spray -foam_roof-640.jpg
Rigid Foams Types of Insulation Source: http://www.homeconstructionimprovement.com/w p-content/uploads/2009/06/extruded-polystyreneinsulation.jpg Source: http://www.archithings.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/retrofit- Insulation-on-CMU-wall-588x622.jpg
Bubble Foil Types of Insulation Source: http://www.byggportalen.se/bilder/banners/4366_lp_isolering.jpg Source: http://www.solavis.com.au/images/foil/4.jpg
Insulation Cautions! Do NOT block venting soffits! Do NOT cover recessed lighting cans! Faced insulation should have the facing on the warm side -- the inside of the house. Rigid foam is typically installed on the outside of the building. AVOID creating condensation!
Avoid This
Simple Payback = Economics of Insulation Cost for insulation / annual energy cost savings Simple payback in years represents the time it will take for energy savings to equal the cost of insulation. Simple payback does not include several factors including discount rate, study period, tax implications, etc.
Economics of Insulation Weatherization and new insulation in a home can earn a simple payback of 2 to 4 years. Caulk window and door frames Plug wiring and plumbing holes in top wall plates Seal electrical outlets Weather-strip doors and windows Insulate attic (#1), walls (#2), and foundation (#3)
Decrease the temperature difference = Lower the Thermostat! Source: http://i.ehow.com/images/a05/2m/4i/wire-central-air-thermostat-800x800.jpg
Increase the Energy Conversion Efficiency Electric Resistance heat = 100% efficient, or c.o.p. = 1.0 Standard Heat Pump, c.o.p. = greater than 1.0 until the outside temperature gets down into the low 30 s or very high 20 s Ground-Source Heat Pump, c.o.p. = 3.0 with outside temperature gets down into the low 30 s or very high 20 s
Geothermal Heat Pumps Source: http://geothermalheatingandcooling.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/geothermal_heating_and_cooling- 238x300.jpg
Water Heating
Water Heating in the USA Fill a big tank up with water Put a burner under the tank Set the thermostat to 120 degrees Keep the water at 120 degrees all day and all night, every day and every night. Do you see any energy conservation? problems here? What are they? List all the losses and inefficiencies.
Another Water Heating Strategy Tankless instantaneous on-demand Source: http://demandware.edges uite.net/aabh_prd/on/de mandware.static/sites- Appliance-Site/Sites- Appliance- Library/default/v1257620 418044/buyersguide/tank less_heater_how.jpg
Tankless Water Heaters Greater Efficiency Source: http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/lowenergysystems/palomaph24-md.jpg Source: http://www.bosch.com.au/content/language1/img_bo schlive/bosch_26ehighflow.jpg
Pipe Insulation! Source: http://www.cus.net/images/pipe_insulation.jpg
Refrigeration
Refrigeration Another form of heat pump Pumps heat out of the fridge box and (typically) dumps it into your kitchen space. Compressor and motor typically at the bottom, freezer section typically on top. Do you see any energy conservation problems here? What are they? List all the losses and inefficiencies.
Alternative Refrigerators Source: http://www.thenaturalabode.com
Laundry and Clothes Drying
New HE Washing Machines
Clothes Drying Alternative The Solar Clothes Dryer!!! Source: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~wrs/images/clothesline.jpg
Cooking and Baking
Cooking Alternatives Smaller surface area and smaller zone to heat Source: http://www.regaloservice.com/images/appliance_02.jpg
Cooking Alternatives More efficient energy conversion Source: http://www.ifood.tv/files/images/ge-cafe-over-the-range-microwave-oven-appliancist-com.jpg
Lighting
Lighting Alternatives Task lighting vs. space lighting Source: http://www.improvenet.com/homeowner/lightingcenter/images/minipendants.jpg
Alternatives vs. Incandescent Incandescent = 17.5 lumens/watt HECF = 50 lumens/watt F40T12 Fluorescent = 60 lumens/watt T8 Fluorescent = 80 lumens/watt LEDs = 50 to 80+ lumens/watt
Source: http://www.developpementdurablelejournal.fr/local/cache-vignettes/l230xh335/arton5854-2c2e7.jpg
Electronics
Wall Warts Electronics Phantom Loads Instant-on heaters 24-hour/day LEDs Check it with a true Power/Energy Meter Source: http://www.unplggd.com/uimages/unplggd/2008-02-25killawatt.jpg
Family Transportation
Energy Conservation in Transportation The Bicycle is the most energy efficient form of modern human transportation equipment! For other forms of transportation what factors effect the needed energy conversion? Weight Rolling friction Wind resistance Conversion efficiency Others?
Behold the Smart Car! Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_a_gqkrlzkvu/tmlgnv0uedi/aaaaaaaaf58/xngodoi_hhq/s400/smart1.bmp
Behold the Unfortunate Driver! Source: http://poorjudgement.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/notsosmartcar.jpg?w=450&h=337
COST Efficiency!!! Economics MUST be considered in ALL energy conservation measures! What s the pay back? Look at the big picture Most times energy conservation involves spending front-end money Grants, subsidies and tax credits are often available! http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/index.cfm?re=1&ee=1 &spv=0&st=0&srp=1&state=il http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/index.cfm?state=us&e e=1&re=1