John Anderson Australia 1
The Growth in Water Recycling Worldwide The Drivers Climate Change and the Environment Adaptation Case Study 2006 Metropolitan Water Plan The Growth in Water Recycling Overseas The Growth in Water Reuse in Australia 2
Australia s Water Resources Anyone who has a stake in water is having to face up to the fact that there is only so much to go around. (Fullerton 2001) 3
Climate Change NSW Impacts (Hennessey et al 2004) 4
Climate Change NSW Impacts (Hennessey et al 2004) 5
Climate Change NSW Impacts (Hennessey et al 2004) 6
Climate Change NSW Impacts (Hennessey et al 2004) 7
Rainfall (mm) Living with a Variable Climate New South Wales Annual Rainfall 1000 900 800 Dry Period: 1900-1946 Average Rainfall: 477.7mm *Dry conditions commenced 1890 Standard Deviation: 90.4 Wet Period: 1947-2000 Average Rainfall: 573.9mm 20.1% increase Standard Deviation: 127.0 New Dry 2001/06 439.5mm 23.4% decline 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year B.Hanstrum, Bureau of Meteorology, 2007 8
Rainfall (mm) Living with a Variable Climate Murray Darling Basin Annual Rainfall 900 800 Dry Period: 1900-1946 Average Rainfall: 440.6mm *Dry conditions commence 1890 Standard deviation: 94.8 Wet Period: 1947-2000 Average Rainfall: 516.1mm 17.1% increase Standard deviation: 114.3 New Dry 2001/06 394.3mm 30.9% decline 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year B.Hanstrum, Bureau of Meteorology, 2007 9
Annual Flow ML Living with a Variable Climate Central Coast Streamflows 500000 450000 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Annual Flow 7 Yr Moving Average 10 Yr Moving Average Average Annual Flow 1900-1949 1950-1990 1991-2004 10 Water Reuse and Recycling April 2005
Restoring River Health 11
Flow Rate ML/d New Water Sharing Plans Lower Wyong Weir Water Sharing Options 160.0 Class E Class D Class C Class B Class A 140.0 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 Flow A 60%/95th C 40%/95th C' 60%/80th D/E 30%/95th Existing 40.0 20.0 0.0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Average Number of Days per Year Flow Exceeds Flow Rate Greater protection of low flows = longer time between drinks = greater dependence on storing water from high flows = likely to need storage and transfer system improvements = greater drought management risks 12
Capacity D/Qm Adapting to Climate Change Impacts - Generalised modelling of impacts and responses 35% 30% 25% Existing Capacity A E Water Savings 20% 15% 10% 5% Environmental Flows 20%/80th Global Warming 3.0 deg C B C Environmental Flows and Global Warming Cause Large Yield Reduction D 50% New Water 25% New Water Large Commitment to Water Savings and New Water Needed to Re-Balance Supply and Demand 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200% Storage S/Qm A.Existing 0%/95th B.EF 20%/80th C.GW3.0deg D.25% New Water E.50% New Water 13
Adaptation Case Study - Sydney 2000-2050 Traditional Demand and Supply Balance Percentages of Year 2000 Demand 14
Capacity D/Qm Adaptation Case Study - Sydney 2006 Metropolitan Water Plan Water Savings Upto 40% water savings in new houses through BASIX 120GL/a to 140GL/a water savings by existing consumers Water efficiency plans and audits Water efficient appliances Rainwater tanks and stormwater harvesting Leakage reduction 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% Existing Capacity Environmental Flows 20%/80th Global Warming 3.0 deg C A B C Environmental Flows and Global Warming Cause Large Yield Reduction E Water Savings 50% New Water D 25% New Water Large Commitment to Water Savings and New Water Needed to Re-Balance Supply and Demand 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200% Storage S/Qm 15 A.Existing 0%/95th B.EF 20%/80th C.GW3.0deg D.25% New Water E.50% New Water
Capacity D/Qm Adaptation Case Study - Sydney 2006 Metropolitan Water Plan Water Reuse Upto 70GL/a reuse in Western Sydney Residential reuse in new development areas Agricultural reuse Environmental flow replacement Upto 30GL/a reuse through a water recycling grid 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% Existing Capacity Environmental Flows 20%/80th Global Warming 3.0 deg C A B C Environmental Flows and Global Warming Cause Large Yield Reduction E Water Savings 50% New Water D 25% New Water Large Commitment to Water Savings and New Water Needed to Re-Balance Supply and Demand 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200% Storage S/Qm 16 A.Existing 0%/95th B.EF 20%/80th C.GW3.0deg D.25% New Water E.50% New Water
Adaptation Case Study - Sydney 2006 Metropolitan Water Plan Western Sydney Water Reuse Upto 70GL/a reuse in Western Sydney Residential reuse in new development areas Agricultural reuse Environmental flow replacement Water Recycling Grid -upto 30GL/a Camellia industrial reuse project Georges River pipeline WRAMS extension Illawarra Water Reuse 7GL/a Local water reuse projects e.g. Ku-ring-gai golf courses 17
Capacity D/Qm Adaptation Case Study - Sydney 2006 Metropolitan Water Plan New Supplies Stormwater harvesting (Prospect roofwater 12GL/a) Extra pumping from Shoalhaven high flows (about 30GL/a average) Desalination (upto 90GL/a) Drought Contingencies Groundwater Deep water access 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% Existing Capacity Environmental Flows 20%/80th Global Warming 3.0 deg C A B C Environmental Flows and Global Warming Cause Large Yield Reduction E Water Savings 50% New Water D 25% New Water Large Commitment to Water Savings and New Water Needed to Re-Balance Supply and Demand 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 200% Storage S/Qm A.Existing 0%/95th B.EF 20%/80th C.GW3.0deg D.25% New Water E.50% New Water 18
Case Study - Sydney 2000-2050 New Demand and Supply Balance Percentages of Year 2000 Demand 19
Managing Drought Risks - Lessons from the Current Drought Benefits of Building Diverse Portfolios Benefits in using less volatile supply sources eg water reuse desalination Adapting Financial Portfolio Theory 20
Growth in Water Recycling Worldwide Water Reclamation Water Recycling for Agriculture and Industry Water Recycling for Urban Use Water Recycling to Supplement Water Sources 21
Water Reclamation Trends Growth in use of MBR in Europe Growth in use of MF/RO, UF/RO and MBR/RO combinations to produce high quality recycled water Advanced oxidation methods to remove trace organics. 22
Water Reuse in Agriculture Monterey California 12,000 acres of vegetable crops Mezquital Valley, Mexico Wastewater from Mexico City 60m3/s 6m dia tunnel to Mezquital Valley Irrigation of 90,000 ha 25m3/s recharge to groundwater sources 23
Urban Reuse California 24
Water Recycling to Supplement Water Sources Supplementing Supplies - Windhoek Operating since 1968 Recently expanded to 21ML/d Average 12% of the Windhoek supply 25
Supplementing Supplies - Singapore Singapore New Water 26
Supplementing Supplies Singapore NEWater www.pub.gov.sg/newater Kranji 2003 Selestar 2004 Changi 2007 Ulu Pandan 2005 Bedok 2002 Tuas Desal 2005 27
Supplementing Supplies - Singapore NEWATER - Kranji Dual Membrane Plant CMF-S foreground & RO background 28 Water Reuse
Supplementing Supplies Singapore NEWater NEWater Education Centre - Bedok 29
Supplementing Supplies Singapore NEWater NEWater Education Centre - Bedok 30
Supplementing Supplies - Berlin 31
Supplementing Supplies - Berlin Lake Tegel Nutrient Reduction Plant 6m3/s 32
Groundwater Recharge - Belgium 33
Groundwater Recharge - Belgium 34
Groundwater Recharge California Mixing zone sampling Seawater Fresh water 20% saline ingress control 80% indirect potable (12-24 months) 35
Groundwater Recharge - California Water Factory 21, California 330ML/d @ 1.19 MWh/ML (versus 1.8-2.6 MWh/ML imported water) Plan to expand to 494ML/d over 20 years. West Basin, California 4 CMF/RO Plants 64ML/d 10.5 MLD to aquifer 1997 12.5 MLD to Mobil 1998 22.4 MLD to Arco 1999 15.9 MLD to Chevron 2001 Ultimate capacity 334 ML/d Title 22 water for industry & irrigation Barrier Water to control seawater intrusion 36
Growth in Water Recycling in Australia Agricultural Reuse Werribee Pasture Shoalhaven Dairy Farms Virginia Vegetables, SA McLaren Vale Vineyard, SA Hervey Bay, Qld Mackay, Qld 37
Urban Reuse Sydney Olympics Water Recycling Treated stormwater & wastewater. 7 ML/d CMF + 2 ML/d RO Landscape, Toilet Flushing, Laundry 2000 houses 850 ML/year (1300ML in a dry year) 38 Water Reuse and Recycling April 2005
Urban Reuse Dual Reticulation Water Recycling Rouse Hill Water Recycling, Sydney Reclaimed water, Rouse Hill STP. NSW Urban & Residential Grade Sand Filtration, CMF and ozone Landscape & Toilet Flushing 10000 houses Stage 1 35000 houses Stage 2 11ML/day 39 Water Reuse and Recycling April 2005
Coomera-Pimpama Project Source: Gold Coast Water Prediction: 83% reduction 40
Eraring Power Station NSW Dual Membranes 4ML/d reclaimed water for boiler feed Capital cost A$5M Deferred effluent pipeline A$2.4M Deferred potable distribution A$2.6M 3 x 90M10C CMF feeds 2x 2 stage RO (10xstage1, 4xstage 2) $900,000/year water & chemical savings 41 Water Reuse and Recycling April 2005
Luggage Point, Brisbane 14ML/d 42
Kwinana Water Factory WA 16ML/d 43
Growth in Water Recycling in Australia Brisbane Western Corridor Water Recycling Project Advanced water recycling upto 350ML/d 44
From Large Store/Use/Treat/Discharge Systems Freshwater Sewage 45
To Integrated Power/Water/Recycling Systems Seawater Fresh Water Recycled Water Sewage Reclaimed Water 46
Conclusions Climate change and environmental flows will have big impacts on reliability and security of water supplies Adaptation strategies include large commitments to water efficiency and water savings Benefits in building diverse portfolios including less volatile sources e.g. water reuse and desalination There is rapid growth in water recycling worldwide Water recycling to supplement drinking water sources is growing rapidly. 47