climatic responsive tall buildings a sustainable & practical design approach presented by vince ugarów director, hilson moran swegon air academy seminarium helsinki helsingfors 10 may 2012
introduction building performance and efficiency equally important as aesthetics, quality & iconic status why? it has a direct impact on our environment
socio-cultural impact of tall buildings environment socio-cultural economic landscape public realm politics culture cost investment environment energy religion economics water media air quality ecology economic evaluate all criteria
why is it important? uncontrolled development infrastructure pressures
our design approach
energy hierarchy on-site renewables photo voltaics, solar, wind, fuel cells infrastructure district energy centres, off site renewables energy efficient systems lighting, air con, mixed mode, controls facade design thermal, light transmission, shading mass & built form orientation, shape & fabric return on investment
wind studies solar analysis façade performance
prevailing wind conditions influence building orientation building form leading edge shape 30 St Mary Axe, London
wind tunnel tests reduce design assumptions provide design assurance deliver cost savings offer litigation protection
annual wind data N W W N N N London N N N N E E N WN W NW NNW Helsinki N NNE NE ENE W E W E W S S W S S S S S S E E S velocity: 0 to 14 m/s WS W SW SSW S SSE SE ESE
computational fluid dynamic analysis building shapes can be tested early in the design process small adjustments can make significant improvements multiple tall buildings in close proximity will influence results The Pinnacle, London
influence on building form and orientation 25% 25% 5% 20% 5% 65% 55% square form aerodynamic form
aerodynamic analysis public realm street level assessment public open spaces wind mitigation measures building occupants comfort natural ventilation design noise air quality engineering design façade surface pressures positioning air intakes & exhausts Tameer Towers, Abu Dhabi
case study - the pinnacle, london client: Arab Investments architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox height: 288 metres size: 93,000m 2 mix: retail at street level financial trading floors levels 3 to 6 offices levels 7 to 52 restaurant levels 53 to 54 public viewing gallery levels 59 to 63 status: in construction
wind analysis the pinnacle SW wind direction: pressure distribution of facades (Pa)
mixed mode analysis the pinnacle natural ventilation concept
mixed mode analysis the pinnacle level 41 geometric layout
mixed mode analysis the pinnacle level 41 NE wind @ 5m/s scenario 1 inner windows open in the same direction interior exterior Exterior interior exterior
mixed mode analysis the pinnacle level 41 NE wind @ 5m/s * zones of high velocity * * *
mixed mode analysis the pinnacle level 41 NE wind @ 5m/s scenario 1 inner windows open in the same direction interior exterior scenario 2 inner windows open in the opposite direction Exterior interior exterior
mixed mode analysis the pinnacle level 41 NE wind @ 5m/s zones of high velocity have significantly reduced new window arrangement gives improved air mixing previous model
solar analysis sun path studies thermal comfort façade design daylight study
air temperature data London 34 C 29 C 24 C 19 C 14 C 9 C 4 C -1 C -6 C 30 C 25 C 20 C 15 C 10 C 5 C 0 C -5 C -10 C -15 C -20 C -25 C -30 C Max Average Min Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Helsinki Max Average Min Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
sun path analysis identifies Wh/m² exposed and shaded elevations direct solar intensity Elizabeth House, London
façade performance factors g-value = % of the total solar radiant heat energy entering a room through the glass u-value = heat transmittance through a surface by conduction, convection and radiation
human comfort study operative temperature influenced by façade g-value and u-value limit = 26 o C to 27 o C ref: BS ISO 7730;2005
façade thermal performance balance between g-value: heat gain, from outside to inside u-value: heat loss from inside to outside
traditional arabic protection mashrabiya
typical shading strategy
façade components glass versus solid
thermal comfort analysis vision panel height
thermal performance summary temperate climates g-value dominant transparency cold climates u-value dominant solidity all climates triple vent facades
triple vent façade temp C 50 45 40 35 30 25 solar protection 85% u-value 1.3W/m²K light transmission 60% 20
daylight studies energy efficient artificial lighting utilising presence detection & daylight control daylight factors above 5% below 2% Animation by Hilson Moran
building performance studies The Pinnacle, London 0 2002 notional Dbl 2.85m Dbl 3.85m internal vent external vent external vent, NV Fl 18-57 external vent, NV Fl 18-57 & daylight control notional target
plant strategy cores & risers system hydraulics tenant requirements
for a developer optimal building height when cost meets income net to gross floor area efficiency becomes even more critical
plant locations R efficient riser distribution hydraulic efficiency simple ventilation strategy R 80 Storey co-ordinate with lift strategy 65 Storey 55 R 50 Storey 40 R 35 35 35 Storey 20 20 20 20 2 B 2 B 2 B 2 B
hydraulics limit working pressures selections fall within equipment capability reduces risk of failure provides economic component selection reduces weight & imposed forces consider high pressure circuits limits temperature drop through circuits saves plant space reduces additional pumping & associated equipment reduces operating costs
costs PN16 PN25 PN40 weight cost weight cost weight cost 300mm Ø 47kg 660 167kg 4,200 203kg 4,200 400mm Ø 93kg 1,800 340kg 9,100 415kg 9,100 600mm Ø 225kg 4,800 777kg 24,100 967kg 24,100
plant replacement strategy consider early in the process replacement of major plant 20+ years engage specialist advice identify weights of major plant items consider routes through the building document the strategy and follow it through
preferred strategy use of goods lifts a 3000kg goods lift handles sheet materials partitioning systems furniture in safe lift mode handles transformers other heavy plant consider sectionalised plant modular air handling units sectional cooling towers
risers firefighting tenant electrical pipework air distribution comms air distribution 15 to 25% varies with system selection pipework 15 to 20% electrical 25 to 30% diverse routing good access onto floor firefighting 12 to 17% sprinkler and wet risers staircase and lobby pressurisation communications 8 to 10% diverse and secure routing good access onto floor tenant risers 8 to 10% kitchen extracts routing to plant zones
core minimising riser requirements optimise shape & size pre-fabrication pre-insulated ductwork jointing techniques concrete risers
core 2 sided concrete supply air risers pre-fabricated on-floor heat exchangers 2 x 7 lift shafts for double deck lifts 20 Fenchurch Street, London
20 Fenchurch Street - 38 storey tower now under construction 20 fenchurch street, london CLIENT: Land Securities & Canary Wharf ARCHITECT: Rafael Vinoly Architects 63,800m 2 of Grade A commercial office space, retail units & a public space, at the top of the building, featuring botanical gardens, restaurant and roof
core consider pre-fabricated toilet pod units reduces site manpower health & safety benefits removes activity from critical path ensures quality construction cost benefits
tenant requirements anticipate ventilation ability to increase outside air redistribution between adjacent floors ability to cope with kitchens and restaurants cooling 24 hour operation resilient installations for business critical loads space for independent systems gas spare capacity space for risers or connections washrooms ability to extend for increased occupancy
tenant requirements anticipate electrical diverse routing resilient supplies and infrastructure standby generation space for UPS communications diverse & secure routing space for satellite dishes structural soft spots for comms rooms bms ability to monitor base build plant network node controllers on floors
conclusion tall buildings can harness site specific climatic conditions, to contribute to a sustainable and energy efficient design approach they have a unique opportunity to lead by example.
an interesting trend 1930 empire state & chrysler buildings the great depression 1972 to 1974 world trade center towers & seares tower american economic stagflation 1998 petronas towers asian financial crisis 1989 canary wharf 90 s recession
an interesting trend 2009 burj kalifa 2014 the pinnacle 2014 okhta centre
e n g i n e e r i n g t h e f u t u r e f o r t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t www.hilsonmoran.com