Food and Nutrition Security: Role of Temperate Fruit Crops Keynote Presentation at the 9 th International Symposium on Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics 26-28 March 2013, Chiang Mai, Thailand by Hiroyuki Konuma FAO Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific 1
Structure of the paper 1. Global Situation of Food and Nutrition Security and Future Outlook 2. Challenges Ahead and UN Zero Hunger Initiative 3. Role of Fruits in Ensuring Food and Nutrition Security 4. Way Forward Save and Grow Approach 2
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Trends in hunger 4
Other Challenges that Threaten Nutrition and Well-Being Micronutrient malnutrition is affecting additional two billion people, particularly children. One in three developing country s children (171 million) under age 5 are stunted due to chronic undernutrition. More than one billion people are obese, suffering from diabetes and non-communicable diseases, and they coexist with nearly one billion chronic hunger on the same planet New factor influencing hunger: Food price hike and volatility affected poor consumers who spend a large portion (as much as 70%) of income on food 5
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Future Outlook Towards Year 2050 Can we produce sufficient food to meet the demand of the growing future population which would reach 9.2 billion by 2050? 8
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090 2095 2100 World Population Trends 12000 2.50 10000 2.00 8000 6000 4000 millions 1.50 1.00 2000 0.50 0 0.00 developed NothAfrica and the Middle East South Asia percentage annual growth rate (right scale) Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America and Caribb Eastern Asia 9
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Urbanization 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 billions 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Rural Urban 10
Food consumption trends 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1969/71 1979/81 1990/92 2005-07 2030 2050 Industrial countries Near East-North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean East Asia 11
Pas Past and Projected Increases in Global Production world developing countries developed countries 24 60 56 77 170 317 2005/07-2050 (projected) 1961-2005/07 (observed) 0 100 200 300 400 percent 12
Targeted Increases in Food Production Must be Met under Existing Constraints Stagnation of expansion of arable land Increasing scarcity of water resources Decline of productivity growth affected by lack of investment in agriculture in recent decades Various uncertainties such as future crude oil prices, food price hike and volatilities, negative impact of climate changes and natural disasters, and bio-fuel development. 13
Sources of Production Growth (91% is expected to come from yield increase) 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0-20.0 world developing developed Yields increases between 2005/07 and 2050 Crop intensity increases between 2005/07 and 2050 Area increase between 2005/07 and 2050 (percent) 14
The UN Secretary-General s Zero Hunger Challenge joined by FAO,WFP, IFAD, UNICEF, etc. at Rio+20 encourages all partners to scale up their efforts and turn the vision of an end to hunger into a reality. What does this mean? 15
100% access to adequate food all year round Enabling all people to access the food they need at all times through nutrition-sensitive agriculture and food systems, marketing, decent and productive employment, a social protection floor, targeted safety nets and food assistance; boosting food supply from local producers; through open, fair and well-functioning markets and trade policies at local, regional and international level, preventing excessive food price volatility. 16
Zero stunted children less than 2 years Ensuring universal access to nutritious food in the 1000-day window of opportunity between the start of pregnancy and a child s second birthday, supported by nutrition-sensitive health care, water, sanitation, education and specific nutrition interventions, coupled with initiatives that enable empowerment of women, as encouraged within the Movement for Scaling Up Nutrition. 17
All food systems are sustainable Ensuring that all farmers, agribusinesses, cooperatives, governments, unions and civil society establish standards for sustainability; verifying their observance and being accountable for them; encouraging and rewarding universal adoption of sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture practices; pursuing cross-sectoral policy coherence (encompassing energy, land use, water and climate); implementing responsible governance of land, fisheries and forests. 18
100% increase in smallholder productivity and income Reducing rural poverty and improving wellbeing through encouraging decent work, and increasing smallholders income; empowering women, small farmers, fishers, pastoralists, young people, farmer organizations, indigenous people and their communities; supporting agricultural research and innovation; improving land tenure, access to assets and to natural resources, making sure that all investments in agriculture and value chains are responsible and accountable; developing multidimensional indicators for people s resilience and wellbeing. 19
Zero loss or waste of food Minimizing food losses during storage and transport, and waste of food by retailers and consumers; empowering consumer choice through appropriate labeling; commitments by producers, retailers and consumers within all nations; achieving progress through financial incentives, collective pledges, locally-relevant technologies and changed behavior. 20
Role of fruits in food and nutrition security Fruits production is recognized as one of the important sub-sectors of food and nutrition security Fruits play a significant roles not only in food security but also nutrition security In many countries fruits rank third after cereals and vegetables. In addition to nutritional status it also contributes in increasing income and employment creation Local demand is on rise due to raises in the incomes, population growth and rapid urbanization Planting of fruits trees is an acceptable practice in afforestation and conservation programmes, thus rendering improvement to the environment Demand for fruits is also growing at a faster rate due to the awareness of balanced diet and changing dietary habit of the people. Intercropping is practiced during early growth stage of fruit trees (where suitable) 21
Role of Temperate fruits in Asian Fruit Industry -Temperate fruits contribute to the horticulture industry by providing an alternative to the tropical and subtropical fruits normally grown in Asian countries -Temperate fruits are perennial and so can help conserve soils and water and counter erosion in the highland conditions -High demand in the local markets -Country has to spend huge foreign money to meet the domestic demand of temperate fruits -Temperate fruits in subtropical regions ripen earlier -Low chill zones will increase future due to availability new varieties/planting materials 22
Future production and demand Component 2005/07 2030 2050 World Dev. Asia World Dev. Asia World Dev. Asia Production 433 326 216 605 478 317 701 562 362 Demand 442 310 212 605 457 312 708 540 357 Source: ESA, FAO 23
Growth rate (%) of fruits in production, acreage and yield during 2001-2010 Sub region production acreage yield Central Asia 6.83 2.98 2.81 Eastern Asia 6.77 2.52 3.40 Southern Asia 6.66 5.50 0.75 Southeastern Asia 3.27 0.36 2.76 Western Asia 1.88 0.42 1.39 Asia 5.58 2.80 2.18 Source: FAOSTAT, 2012 24
Production of Apples Country Production in 2010 (million tons) World total 70 100 China 33 48 USA 4 6 Turkey 3 4 Italy 2 3 India 2 3 Poland 2 3 France 2 3 Iran 2 2 Brazil 1 2 Chille 1 1 Percent 25
Production of Pears Country Production in 2010 (million tons) World total 23 100 China 15 67 Italy 0.74 3 USA 0.73 3 Argentina 0.70 3 Spain 0.47 2 India 0.38 2 Turkey 0.38 2 South Africa 0.37 2 South Korea 0.31 1 Japan 0.28 1 Percent 26
Constraints in promoting temperate fruits in subtropics and tropics There is no reliable data base on area and production, market and trades of temperate fruit crops in tropics and sub-tropics Large number of old orchards are showing decline in terms of growth and fruit yield They are grown in marginal lands. The water and fertilizer use efficiency is generally low Not all produced fruits have good quality Climate and micro-climate play dominant roles 27
Future need More interaction between grower, the market place and the needs of the consumers More emphasis on long-term research Transformation of existing traditional systems in favour of commercialized and more remunerative production systems Creating more genetic diversity for breeding of selected traits Adopt SCPI approach, which is based on an enhanced understanding of ecosystems More emphasis on micro-climate in determining site suitability, as they are less easily manipulated than soil properties 28
Challenges - Coping with changes in climate and weather will require additional resources and efforts - Characterization and identification of suitable germplasms - Use modern tools and techniques of molecular genetics in breeding programmes - Strong technology transfer and capacity development programmes for extension personnel - Produce quality fruits and reduce post-harvest losses - Explore export markets 29
Recommendation FAO Initiative Adopting sustainable crop production intensification (SCPI) which has been reflected in recent FAO s initiative SAVE and GROW 30
Operational Framework for SCPI SCPI is based on the application of an ecosystem approach that seeks integrated management of land, water and living resources aimed at their conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. Four principles underlie SCPI: Increasing agricultural productivity through improved use of resources (for example, soil, water, plant genetic resources) to achieve higher yields while promoting the sustainability of production and farming systems; 31
Contd. Enhancing sustainable crop protection with a focus on pest and pesticide-related issues; Managing biodiversity and ecosystem services, including through identification and use of mechanisms for valuing agricultural biodiversity and ecosystem services, and sound agronomic and land management practices; Strengthening the livelihoods using the benefits of increased productivity and diversification within the value chain. 32
Management of ecosystem services Key to SCPI Practices that harness ecosystem services and contribute to sustainability of production systems include the following: - Conservation agriculture - Integrated pest management (IPM) - Integrated plant nutrient management (IPNP) - Agricultural water management - -Crop-livestock faming systems - Agro-forestry systems - Integrated weed management (IWM) - Pollinator management 33
Conclusion It is widely believed that there exists significant potential in untapped production opportunities as evident from large intra- and inter-country variation in productivity. But there cannot be a singleapproach quick fix in exploiting untapped opportunities. The government policy to integrate horticultural crops emphasising on temperate fruit as part of production systems can make a difference in this sector. Expansion of areas in high productivity zones (if possible), increase in fertilizers and water use efficiency, reinforcement of package of technology will be possible options. Enhanced use of agro-bioinputs (biofertilizers, biopesticides, botanicals, etc.), IPM technology and use of hardy rootstocks are certain other options for greater ecological balance and sustenance. 34
Thanks! 35