Industrial Psychology Morris S. Viteles DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK W W NORTON & COMPANY PUBLISHERS
THE CONTRIBUTION OF HEREDITY. CONTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENT.GENE CONTENTS SECTION ONE The Foundations of Industrial Psychology I. INTRODUCTION TO A STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 3 MAN AND MACHINE SCOPE OF THIS VOLUME. POINTS OF VIEW II. THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 8 ECONOMIC BASIS OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY. THE INFLUENCE OF TAYLOR UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY. THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT. APPLICATION TO HANDLING PIG-IRON. IM- PROVING THE OUTPUT OF BALL BEARING INSPECTORS. IMPROVING BRICK- LAYING METHODS. OTHER ASPECTS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT. THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE TAYLOR SYSTEM. THE INFLUENCE OF SCI- ENTIFIC MANAGEMENT UPON THE SCOPE, METHODS, AND AIMS OF INDUS- TRIAL PSYCHOLOGY. THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY III. SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 20 THE ORGANIZATION OF PERSONNEL DEPARTMENTS IV. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIALPSYCHOLOGY 26 THE EXPERIMENTAL BASIS OF PSYCHOLOGY. THE STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. THE APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY IN PROMOTINGINDIVI CHOLOGY APPLIED VS. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY V. THE RISE AND SCOPE OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 40 THE CONTRIBUTION OF HUGO MÜNSTERBERG. THE EFFECT OF THE WORLD WAR. THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES. THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN EUROPE. INTERNATIONAL CON- GRESSES. SCOPE OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY VI. THE NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFER- ENCES 57 RANGE OF DIFFERENCES. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. STATISTICAL MEASURES AND DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. TRAIT DIFFERENCES VII. THE ORIGIN OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 83 ix
SECTION TWO Fitting the Worker to the Job VIII. BASIC FACTORS IN VOCATIONAL SELECTION 113 SELECTION AS A FACTOR IN INDIVIDUAL ADJUSTMENT. ECONOMIC FACTORS IN SELECTION. THE EXTENT AND COST OF LABOR TURNOVER. THE FUNCTION OF THE EMPLOYMENT DEPARTMENT IN REDUCING LABOR TURNOVER. SCIENTIFIC ME MENT OF VOCATIONAL FITNESS. PROFICIENCY AS A FACTOR IN VOCATIONAL SELECTION. THE PLACE OF COMPETENCY IN VOCATIONAL SELECTION. TEM- PERAMENT AND CHARACTER IN VOCATIONAL FITNESS. THE SIGNIFICANCE OP INTEREST IN VOCATIONAL FITNESS IX. JOB ANALYSIS 142 THE SCOPE OF JOB ANALYSIS. JOB ANALYSIS FOR EMPLOYMENT PURPOSES. GUIDE TO JOB ANALYSIS. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT IN JOB ANALY- SIS. PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES IN JOB ANALYSIS. JOB CLASSIFICATION AND GRADING X. THE INTERVIEW AND ALLIED TECHNIQUES 169 THE INTERVIEW, THE APPLICATION BLANK IN SELECTION. ESTIMATION OF FITNESS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS. CHARACTER ANALYSIS SYSTEMS XI. STANDARDIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF PSYCHOLOGI- CAL TESTS 200 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TESTS. EXPLAINING THE VOCATIONAL SUCCESS. SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP. THE PURPO SELECTION STANDARDIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS THE SELECTION AND CONSTRUCTION OF TESTS (CONTINUED). THE VALIDATION XIII. TESTS FOR SKILLED AND SEMI-SKILLED WORKERS 260 INTRODUCTION. SPECIFICATIONS AND TESTS FOR ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION OPERATORS. TESTING IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. THE SELECTION OF METAL TRADE APPRENTICES IN GERMANY. TESTING IN OTHER SKILLED AND SEMI-SKILLED JOBS XIV. TESTS IN THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY 288 THE SELECTION OF MOTORMEN THE PIONEER WORK OF MÜNSTERBERG. STUDIES BY THE MILWAUKEE ELECTRIC RAILWAY AND LIGHT COMPANY. THE VITELES MOTORMAN SELECTION TEST. EUROPEAN STUDIES IN THE SELECTION OF MOTORMEN. WORK SAMPLE TESTS IN THE SELECTION OF MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS. THE SELECTION OF AUTOMOBILE OPERATORS. THE EXAMINATION OF OTHER TRANSPORTATION WORKERS
xi XV. TESTS FOR OFFICE OCCUPATIONS, TECHNICAL AND SUPERVI- SORY EMPLOYEES 307 TESTS FOR OFFICE OCCUPATIONS. GENERAL CLERICAL TESTS. TESTS FOR SPE- CIFIC OFFICE OCCUPATIONS. SELECTION OF EMPLOYEES FOR PUBLIC SERV- ICE. SUMMARY SECTION THREE Maintaining Fitness at Work XVI. SAFETY AT WORK 325 THE SOCIAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS. MOTIVES IΝ ACCIDENT REDUCTION. ACCIDENT COMPENSATION LAWS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAFETY MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. METHODS EMPLOYED IN THE SAFETY MOVEMENT. LIMITATIONS OF THE SAFETY MOVEMENT XVII. PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION 334 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ACCIDENT. SPECIFIC FAC- TORS IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ACCIDENT. FACTORS AFFECTING ACCIDENT LIABILITY XVIII. ACCIDENTS IN THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY 369 VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRY. ACCIDENT-PRONENESS. THE CLINICAL METHOD IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION. CLINICAL STUDIES OF ACCIDENT-PRONE DRIVERS. SPECIFIC FACTORS IN ACCIDENT SUSCEPTIBILITY. SEX DIFFERENCES XIX. THE ACQUISITION OF SKILL 393 INTRODUCTION. PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS IN TRAINING. THE PROGRESS OF LEARNING. THE INFLUENCE OF INCENTIVE UPON PRACTICE. FACTORS IN ARRESTING PROGRESS WITH PRACTICE XX. TRAINING METHODS WHOLE- VERSUS PART- METHOD IN THE ACQUISITION OF SKILL. THE ANALYSIS OF PRACTICE CURVES. TRANSFER OF TRAINING. TRAINING FOR SPEED AND ACCURACY IN WORK. THE BEST METHODS OF WORK XXI. INDUSTRIAL FATIGUE 438 THE NATURE OF FATIGUE. DECREASED PRODUCTION THROUGH FATIGUE. EFFECT OF FATIGUE UPON INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN FATIGUE. MUSCULAR, NERVOUS, AND MENTAL FATIGUE. AD- DITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES. THE FEELING OF FATIGUE. NECESSARY AND UNNECESSARY INDUSTRIAL FATIGUE. THE MEASUREMENT OF INDUSTRIAL XXII. THE ELIMINATION OF UNNECESSARY FATIGUE 464 THE INFLUENCE OF HOURS OF WORK. THE INFLUENCE OF REST PAUSES. EYE STRAIN AND FATIGUE. THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS. ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY FATIGUE THROUGH ECONOMY OF EFFORT. THE INFLUENCE OF SPEED AND RHYTHM OF WORK. THE EFFECT OF NOISE
XXIII. MACHINES AND MONOTONY 512 CONFLICT BETWEEN REPETITIVE WORK AND INSTINCT. IΝ DEFENCE OF THE MACHINE AGE AND OF REPETITIVE WORK. THE EXTENT OF REPETITIVE WORK. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOTONOUS WORK XXIV. SPECIFIC INFLUENCES IN MONOTONOUS WORK 536 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MONOTONY. THE INFLU- ENCE OF INTELLIGENCE. THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN OTHER MENTAL TRAITS. THE EFFECTS OF CONDITIONS OF WORK UPON MONOTONY. SUMMARY XXV. MOTIVES IN INDUSTRY 560 TYPES OF FINANCIAL INCENTIVES. THE INADEQUACY OF FINANCIAL INCEN- TIVES. THE QUEST FOR NON-FINANCIAL MOTIVES-IN-WORK. THE INSTINC- TIVE BASIS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. THE INADEQUACY OF THE INSTINCT HYPOTHESIS. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MOTIVES-IN-WORK. SUMMARY XXVI, THE MALADJUSTED WORKER 586 EMOTIONAL MALADJUSTMENT AS A FACTOR IN VOCATIONAL MALADJUST- MENT, THE SYMPTOMS OF EMOTIONAL MALADJUSTMENT AT WORK. THE INCIDENCE OF EMOTIONAL MALADJUSTMENT AT WORK. A STUDY OF TELEGRAPHIST'S CRAMP, THE CLINICAL STUDY OF MALADJUSTED WORKERS, AN EXAMPLE OF THE CLINICAL STUDY AND TREATMENT OF EMOTIONAL MALADJUSTMENT. OTHER FACTORS IN VOCATIONAL MALADJUSTMENT, "OLD AGE" AS A FACTOR IN MALADJUSTMENT. AGENCIES FOR THE READJUSTME PROBLEMS OF SUPERVISION AND MANAGEMENT 612 THE QUALITY OF LEADERSHIP IN THE INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION. DISCIPLINE AND CONFLICT. THE NEW LEADERSHIP IN INDUSTRY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 629 INDEX TO NAMES 635 SUBJECT INDEX 642