The Art of Agile Practice

Transcription

1 The Art of Agile Practice A Composite Approach for Projects and Organizations Bhuvan Unhelkar Lap) CRC Press VV^ ^^-""^ J Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informs business AN AUERBACH BOOK

2 Contents Foreword Preface Author Acknowledgments Agile Terms and Acronyms xxiii xxv xxxi xxxiii xxxv PART I CONTEMPORARY AGILE AND ITS CHALLENGES IN PRACTICE 1 Introducing Agile in Practice 3 Objectives 3 Introduction 3 Agile in Practice A Business Issue 7 Budget and Agility 8 Time and Agility 9, Requirements and Agility 10 Quality and Agility 11 Understanding Enterprise Agility 11 Strategy, Method, and Practice of Agile 13 Conversational Model for Software Development 15 Agility Art, Craft, and Engineering 16 Correlating Agility to Planned Processes 17 Agile Coverage in Organizations 19 Agile Organizational Methods Spaces 20 Business Methods Space 21 Planned Methods Space 21 Pure Agile (Solution) Methods Space 22 Governance Methods Space 22 Agile Manifesto, Principles, and Practices 23 Agile Methods, 24 Composite Agile Research Project 25 Conclusions 27 Agile in Practice: Road Map 1 27 xi

3 xii Contents Discussion Questions 28 References 28 2 Landscape of Agile and Planned Methods 31 Objectives 31 Introduction 31 Defining Agile 32 What Comprises Agile?.'. 34 Agile Manifesto 35 Agile'Values 35 Agile Principles 36 Agile Methods Landscape 40 Extreme Programming (XP) 44 Scrum 47 Roles 48 Artifacts 49 Scrum Meetings 49 Scrum Flow 49 Agile Unified Process (AUP) 49 Crystal 50 Lean 51 Kaizen 53 Adaptive Software Development/Agile Project Management 54 Feature-Driven Development (FDD) 55 Test-Driven Design (TDD) 55 Planned Process Life Cycles and Agile 56 The Waterfall-Based SDLC. V 56 The Spiral-Based SDLC '. 57 The Fountain-Based SDLC 58 The IIP Iterative, Incremental, Parallel Development Process 58 A Practical Agile Manifesto 59 Individuals and Interactions Together with Processes and Tools 59 Working Software Together with Comprehensive Documentation 61 Customer Collaboration Together with Contract Negotiation 61 Responding to Change Together with Following a Plan 61 Agile Practices 62 Analytical Practices 63 Requirements Practices 63 Development Practices 64 Design Practices 65 Project Management Practices 65 Quality Assurance Practices 65 Operational Practices 66 Testing Practices 67 Conclusions 67 Agile in Practice: Road Map 2 67 Discussion Questions 68

4 Contents xiii References 68 Further Reading 69 3 Agile Challenges in Practice 71 Objectives 71 Introduction 71 Agile Project Challenges 7A Agile Organizational Challenges in Practice 78 Project-Specific Agile Challenges 79 Matrix of Agile Challenges 79 Project Type and Agile Challenges 79 Project Size and Agile Challenges 81 Organizational Domain and Agile Challenges 82 Business Type and Agile Challenges 83 Scalability and Agile 84 Project Management and Agile 84 People Management and Agile 86 Business Analysis and Agile 87 Testing and Agile 88 Metrics and Measurements in Agile 89 Enterprise Architecture and Agile 89 Maintenance and Agile 90 Documentation and Agile 90 Legal and Compliance Issues and Agile 91 Expanding Agile Challenges at the Organizational Level 91 Strategic versus Tactical Agile 93 Conclusions 95 Agile in Practice: Road Map 3 95 Discussion Questions 95 References 96 PART II COMPOSITE AGILE METHOD AND STRATEGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN PRACTICE 4 Composite Agile Method and Strategy (CAMS) 99 Objectives 99 Introduction 100 Composite Agile: Balance and Coverage Taxonomy of Organizational Methods and Their Agile Touch Points 104 Software Agile (Development) 109 Business Analysis 109 Testing 109 Modeling and Architecture 110 Software Processes and Agile 112 Rational Unified Process (RUP) 112 Process Mentor 113 Object-Oriented Process, Environment, and Notation (OPEN) 113

5 xiv Contents IT Governance and Agile 113 Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (CoBIT) 114 Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) 114 Project Management and Agile 114 Business Management and Agile 115 Six Sigma 115 Kaizen 115 Kanban 116 Composite Agile Method and Strategy (CAMS) 116 Life Cycles as Basis for Composite 121 CAMS Architecture 123 Initial Iteration 126 Major Iteration 127 Final Iteration 127 The CAMS Repository of Agile Practices 128 CAMS in Practice: Configuration 131 Practicing CAMS Role-Based Execution 135 Advantages and Limitations of CAMS 135 Advantages of Composite Agile 135 Limitations of Composite Agile 136 Conclusions 136 Agile in Practice: Road Map Discussion Questions 137 References Composite Agile and IT: Enablement, Development, and Maintenance 139 Objectives 139 Introduction 140 Emergent Information Technologies: Agile Enablers 141 Cloud Computing 142 Mobile Technologies 142 Business Intelligence 143 Web Services and SOA 143 Applications Integration 144 Social Media 144 IT Areas of Work and Agile 144 Development and Agility 145 Configuration and Agility 145 Integration and Agility 146 Conversion and Agility 146 Deployment, Training, and Agility 146 Maintenance and Agility 147 Architecture, Design, and Quality 147 Requirements (Functional, Nonfunctional, and Interface) ; 148 Agile Practices and CAMS Process Maps 148 Enterprise Architecture Process Map 148 Roles in Enterprise Architecture 150

6 Contents xv Deliverables 150 Activities and Tasks in Enterprise Architecture 152 System Architecture Process Map 152 Roles in System Architecture 152 Deliverables 154 Activities and Tasks in System Architecture 154 Nonfunctional (Operational) Requirements and Architecture (Enterprise and System) 159 System Design Process Map 164 Roles in System Design 164 Deliverables 166 Activities and Tasks in System Design 166 Implementation Process Map 166 Roles in Implementation 166 Deliverables 168 Activities and Tasks in Implementation 170 Agile Elements in Implementation 170 Deployment Process Map 176 Roles in Deployment Deliverables 178 Activities and Tasks in Deployment 178 Conclusions 178 Agile in Practice: Road Map Discussion Questions 180 References Collaborative-Agile Business Management 183 Objectives -.' 183 Introduction 184 Agile Business Management 184 Composite Agile Method and Strategy (CAMS) 185 Business Agility and CAMS 185 Six Sigma in Composite Agile 188 Kaizen in Composite Agile 188 Kanban in Composite Agile! 189 Agility in Learning Organizations 191 Collaboration and Agility 192 Collaborative Business Processes and Agility 192 Collaborative Cluster Formation 193 Business Size and Collaboration 194 Characteristics of Collaborative-Agile Business 194 Customer Experience through Collaboration 196 Knowledge Management Collaborations and Agility 196 Evolution in Knowledge Management 197 Knowledge Synchronization for Agility 199 Documentation and Knowledge Management 201 Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) with Collaborative Agile 201

7 xvi Contents Market Expansion through Collaboration 202 Global Trade and Agility 202 Organizational Leanness and Restructuring 203 Outsourcing and Offshoring with Collaborative Agile 203 Legal Compliance and Tax Management with Collaborative Agile 204 Carbon Consciousness and Lean-Agile 204 Evolving Complexities in Collaborative-Agile Business 204 Types of Collaboration 205 Physical Collaboration 205 Electronic Collaboration 205 Mobile Collaboration 206 Reaching Collaborative Intelligence in Agile Business 206 Collaborative Data and Agility 206 Collaborative Information and Agility 206 Collaborative Process and Agility 207 Collaborative Knowledge and Agility 208 Collaborative Intelligence (CI) and Agility 208 Reaching Collaborative Business Process 208 Broadcasting Business Processes 208 Informative Business Processes 208 Transactive Business Processes 209 Operative Business Processes 209 Collaborative Business Processes 209 Business Evaluation Process Map 210 Roles in Business Evaluation 210 Deliverables 210 Activities and Tasks in Business Evaluation 212 SWOT Analysis 212 Strengths 212 Weaknesses 214 Opportunities 214 Threats 214 PESTLE Analysis 214 Cost-Benefit Analysis 215 Change Management in Agile Business 216 External Changes 217 Internal Changes 217 Risks and Challenges in Collaborative-Agile Business 218 Conclusions 218 Agile in Practice: Road Map Discussion Questions 220 References Business Analysis and Composite Agile 223 Objectives 223 Introduction 223 What Is Business Analysis? 225

8 Contents xvii Business Analysis and Agility 228 Handling Agile Challenges in the Context of Business Analysis 228 Scalability 228 Outsourcing 228 Technology 228 Compliance 229 Business Rules 229 Change 229 BA and Agile Practices in CAMS 231 Business Analysis Frameworks and Agility 236 SFIA, IIBA (BABOK ), AIBA Frameworks 238 SFIA and Agile BA 238 BA-SFIA Levels BA-SFIA Levels BA-SFIA Levels Comparing SFIA and IIBA with Agile 247 Business Process Management and Agility 248 Business Process Reengineering (BPR) 250 Processes: Individual, Organizational, and Collaborative.252 Customer-Driven Analysis and Agility 254 Requirements Modeling Process Map 255 Roles in Requirements Modeling 258 Deliverables 258 Activities and Tasks in Requirements Modeling 262 Conclusions 262 Agile in Practice: Road Map Discussion Questions 266 References 267 CAMS Project Management and ICT Governance 269 Objectives 269 Introduction 270 Planning and Agility in CAMS 270 Declaration of Interdependence and Agile Project Management 273 Organizing Composite Agile Projects 275 Project Management Process Map 280 Roles in Project Management Process Map 280 Deliverables in the Project Management Process Map 282 Activities and Tasks in the Project Management Process Map 282 Leadership and People Management in Agile Projects 293 Soft Issues and Subjective Skills 294 Agile Team Formation 296 IT Governance and Business Agility 304 The IT Governance Frameworks 305 Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (CoBIT) 306 Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) 306 Conclusions 307

9 xviii Contents Agile in Practice: Road Map Discussion Questions 310 References 311 Further Reading Composite Agile: Quality, Testing, and Metrics 315 Objectives 315 Introduction 316 Quality Context: Management, Assurance, and Control 317 Quality Management Process Map 322 Roles in Quality Management 322 Deliverables 322 Activities and Tasks in Quality Planning 323 Quality Assurance Process Map 327 Roles in Quality Assurance 327 Deliverables 327 Activities and Tasks in Quality Assurance 329 Quality Techniques and Agile Practices 329 Quality Control Process Map 336 Roles in Quality Control 337 Deliverables 337 Activities and Tasks in Quality Control 337 Organizing Testing 337 Test Data 345 Analyzing Risks in Testing Risks: Analyzing 346 Composite Agile Metrics and Measurements 348 Challenges of Agile Projects Metrics 349 Fundamentals of CAMS Estimation 351 CAMS Metrics in Practice 353 Planning Metrics 354 Requirements Metrics 354 Development Metrics 356 Testing and Release Metrics 356 Role-Based CAMS Metrics 357 Applying Estimation and Metrics in CAMS 357 Conclusions 362 Agile in Practice: Road Map Discussion Questions 362 References 363 Further Reading Agile Adoption in Organizations 365 Objectives 365 Introduction 366 Organizational Adoption of Agility and Business Transformation 366 Adopting of CAMS: Reasons and Value 369 CAMS Organizational Adoption High-Level Road Map 370

10 Contents xix Agile Business Transformation Internal and External Factors 373 External Influencing Factors 374 Customer Relationship 374 Business Partners 374 Government Regulatory Factors 375 Sociocultural Environment 375 Internal Factors and Responses 375 Business Structure 375 Business Innovation 376 Business Compliance 376 Technology Management 376 People Management 377 Product Management 377 Organizational Focus Areas in Agile Business Transformation 378 Business Transformation Process and Organizational Focus Areas 378 Diagnose 379 Plan 379 Enact 380 Measure and Review 380 Work Areas for ABT 381 Business Model 381 Product and Service Portfolio 383 Customers and Partners 384 ICT Systems, Applications, and Databases 385 Operational/Organizational 386 Business Processes 387 Networks and Infrastructure 388 Regulatory 388 Varying Influence of ABT 389 CAMS and Center of Excellence 390 Configuring, Training, and Upskilling in Agile Business Transformation 393 Money 394 Technology 395 Process 396 People 396 CAMS and Process Maturity The CMM Standards in an Agile Environment 398 Conclusions 401 Agile in Practice: Road Map Discussion Questions 402 References 403 PART III CASE STUDIES IN CAMS 11 Case Study: Outsourced Project 407 Objectives 407 Introduction 407 Outline of the Case Study "MITS" An Outsourced Project 408

11 xx Contents Composite Agile Road Map for an Outsourced Project 409 Understanding the Project 409 Extent of Agility in Configuring CAMS 411 CAMS Process-Map-Based Activities in an Outsourced Project 415 Creating CAMS-Based Project Iterations 418 Use of CAMS Metrics in Outsourced Projects 419 Overcoming the Challenges of Outsourced Projects with CAMS 422 Uncertainty in the Scope of Work 422 Leadership and Direction 424 Payment Contracts Based on Delivery 425 Determining Correct Iterations and Releases to Deliver the Product 425 Service Level Agreements after Delivery 426 Formal Requirements Modeling 426 Iterative and Incremental Implementation of Solution Design 427 Quality Control and User Acceptance Testing 427 Ongoing Maintenance of the Solution 427 Conclusions and Lessons Learned 428 Discussion Questions 428 References Case Study: Organizational CAMS in an Insurance Business 431 Objectives 431 Introduction 431 Hartford Insurance Company (HIC) Case Study Outline 432 Goals of Agile Business Transformation 434 Composite Agile Road Map 437 Diagnose (0-3 Months) 442 Plan (4-6 Months) 443 Enact (7-12/15 Months) 443 Review and Manage (15-18 Months) 443 Configuring Composite Agile, 444 HIC and Collaborative-Agile Business 446 Balancing HIC's ABT Enactment 450 Conclusions and Lessons Learned 453 Discussion Questions 454 References 454 Appendix I: Agile Interview Summaries 455 Business Analysis and CAMS 457 Project Management and CAMS 458 Development with CAMS 459 Testing and CAMS 460 Architecture and CAMS 460 Metrics and Estimates in CAMS 461 References 461 Appendix II: Business-Analysis-Related Associations and Standards 463

12 Contents xxi Appendix III: Role-Based CAMS Metrics 467 Project Manager 467 CAMS Task: Planning Requirement Prioritization 467 The Number of Packages (Subsystems/Components) in the System 467 The Number of Dependencies between Subsystems/Components/ Packages in the System 468 Project Schedule and Rhythm 468 Total Budget and Investment 468 User Load (Peak and Off-Peak) 469 CAMS Activity: Monitoring Team Members 469 The Speed of Implementation of a User Story 469 Efficiency of Response to Changes 470 CAMS Activity: Risk Management Collaborative 470 Metric: The Potential Impact of Risks 470 Average Risks per User Story 471 Business Analyst 471 CAMS Activity: Requirement Collaborative 471 Total User Stories 471 User Story Dependencies 472 CAMS Activity: Change Management Negotiable Requirement 472 Iteration Changes 472 Architect 473 CAMS Activity: Design User Feedback 473 Tolerance to Change 473 Programmer 473 CAMS Activity: Coding/Implementation Pair Programming 473 System Layers 474 Standards Compliance 474 The Number of Owners/Contributors 474 Tester 475 CAMS Activity: Testing Continuous 475 Defects per Iteration 475 Performance Comparison with Previous Iterations 475 Appendix IV: Telecom User Stories ; 477 Index 485