Putth Songsangjinda Senior Expert on Marine Shrimp Culture Department of Fisheries, Thailand

Putth Songsangjinda Senior Expert on Marine Shrimp Culture Department of Fisheries, Thailand

2700 km of coastal line Located at the tropical climate, Ideal for coastal aquaculture Basic biophysical of the coastal areas Appropriate aquaculture technologies Gulf of Thailand Andaman sea 2

during the 1930s pond size 30 ha or more wild seeds 40 yrs during 1970s -1987 pond size 1 8 ha ; hatchery seeds 5-10 Pl/m 2 supplement feed 8 yrs Black tiger shrimp From 1987 pond size 1 ha; hatchery seeds 20-40 Pl/m 2. Pellet feed

Seafood contributed to 26% of export food, valued about $6,000 m Shrimp production was about 400,000-600,000 tonnes Value of shrimp export was about $2,500-3,000 m Most of the value-added was to the local contents

Hatchery technology: Closed intensive shrimp farming requires large quantities of fry Hatchery is essential for the production of the quality and healthy shrimp fry Demand of fry 65,000-78,000 m PL/yr EMS/AHPND outbreak, demand about 52,000 m PL/yr. L M S (backyard hatchery) about 1000-2000 hatcheries depend on demand of fry

Genetic improvement program Genetic improvement shrimp have been proven a continuous increase the profitability from the improvement of ability of growth under intensive culture Using Family selection breeding program. Growth rate From 60 count/kg within 100 days ( 0.17 g/d) To 60 count/kg within 70-80 days (0.21-0.24 g/d). Disease tolerance ability such as WSSV and Vibrio spp are not yet established and interesting for future trait.

Biosecurity and disinfection: The efficiency of biosecurity depends on scale of farm operation. Use of quarantine, specific pathogen-free (SPF) certified stocks, and disinfected water and hatchery materials/tools are recommend as good practices in hatchery. Physical measures such as footwear and clothing are used to prevent the intrusion of disease-carrying vectors by human. The exclusion and prevention of disease vectors during pond preparation especially viral disease is practiced at the farm level. The use of shrimp fry from the biosecurity hatchery is recommended

Formulated feeds and materials supply: Shrimp industry use formulated high quality feed (high protein) The volumes is estimated about 780,000-900,000 tonnes (from the production about 600,000 tonnes and FCR about 1.3-1.5). There are 22 feed factories registered to DOF. There are about 50-100 companies who supply farm materials Create large quantity of jobs and job opportunities in Thailand.

Low water exchange: Reducing water exchange in shrimp culture to minimize discharge of pollutants is for the environmental sustainability. Reduction the demand of using water from external sources which may risk in contamination of diseases and introduction of disease carrier or predators. Low water exchange must be complemented with aeration to compensate for low levels of oxygen in warm and highly saline water. The reduce of feed remained in the pond during shrimp culture is also a crucial practice.

Aeration and water exchange The intensive shrimp farming demand good water and sediment qualities for promote good growth. Aeration should be sufficient for shrimp, microbial and phytoplankton oxygen demand. In general minimum dissolved oxygen more than 5 ppm. The sufficient aeration can prevent the bloombush of phytoplankton, maintain low ph fluctuation and promote shrimp feeding. Water exchange should be less than 5-10% which is suitable for the intensive system. Too much water exchange could results in phytoplankton drop in the pond due to suddenly change in water condition.

Automatic feeder: Use automatic feeder can reduce farm workers More precise feeding can be managed and also lead to the reduction of FCR. Automatic feeder is recommended for about 300,000-600,000 shrimp/unit depending on the pond size and shape.

Probiotics: Nutrient and organic wastes pose to risk of disease outbreak when shrimps are stress or unhealthy by the wastes. Probiotics can establish beneficial microbial communities under culture conditions. Probiotics accelerate the decomposition of the organic wastes Probiotics is able to enhance microbial and phytoplankton and healthy ecosystem probiotics directly regulates water quality to be less fluctuation of such as ph within 7.5-8.0 which is a suitable for good growth of shrimps

EMS/AHPND Outbreak started in 2009 EMS/AHPND outbreak reported country Country of outbreak China, Vietnam Year 2009-20hv10 Malaysia 2011 Thailand 2012 Mexico 2013 Source: Dan Fegan, Cargill Animal Nutrition Undercurrent News August 25, 2014 Several unconfirmed 2013-2016

During the period of Outbreak in 2012-2014 Chanthaburi Easthen part of Thailand

2012 : The outbreak begun with not enough scientific information Sanitary actions was taking place in broodstock facilities and hatchery 2013: The causative agent of EMS/AHPND was reported to be Vibrio parahaemolyticus Late 2013: DOF Thailand and other institutes started to used PCR for detection the pathogen - present The program to screen out pathogen from the production has been carried out. Farm practices, renovations and guidelines have been developed.

Annual Production (tonnes) 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 White Shrimp WSSV outbreak YHV outbreak MSGS outbreak Back Tiger shrimp EMS/AHPND 100,000 0 Year

Production (ton/yr) % production Year change P. monodon L. vannamei Total year to year 2011 1,469 500,719 502,188-2012 15,219 458,012 473,231-5.8 2013 12,124 274,755 286,879-39.4 2014 13,053 204,385 217,438-24.2

1) Introduction of new broodstock for improve genetic diversity, solving an inbreeding problem of whiteleg shrimp used in Thailand. 2) Screening disease from shrimp broodstock, postlarvae, soil and water samples collected from farm and hatchery EMS/AHPND strain and 5 viral diseases including WSSV, IMNV, YHV, IHHNV, and TSV 3) Guideline and laboratory service for improvement of farm management

Promote used of healthy PL Increase quantity of healthy Broodstock and PL Good broodstock culture system Good pond preparation Promote use of probiotics Increase genetic biodiversity of broodstock Healthy shrimp Good culture environment Pathogen free in broodstock and larvae Pathogenic reduction Guideline for efficiency production Area based approaches Hatchery water and equipments Farm water and sediment Hatchery sanitation for healthy PL Bio-security guideline Improve feeding efficiency and lowering FCR

Oct-13 Dec-13 Feb-14 Apr-14 Jun-14 Aug-14 Oct-14 Dec-14 Feb-15 Apr-15 Jun-15 Aug-15 Oct-15 Dec-15 Feb-16 Apr-16 EMS/AHPND prevalence (%) Shrimp productivity (tonnes/ Million PL) 80 70 EMS/AHPND prevalence Shrimp productivity 8 7 60 6 50 5 40 4 30 3 20 2 10 1 0 0 Month-Year 20

Production (tonnes) 35000 30000 25000 20000 2014 2015 2016 15000 10000 5000 0 2014-2015 +21.0% 2015-2016 +14.6% (9 months) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Annual Production (ton) 600,000 500,000 White Shrimp Back Tiger shrimp EMS/AHPND 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 2016 is projection to be nearly 300,000 tonnes Year

1. Difficulty of prevention the emerging diseases EMS/AHPND causing by V. parahaemolyticus Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) 2. Inappropriate shrimp farming system Organic accumulation providing food source to pathogenic organism Low water exchange may not be suitable to solve bacterial disease

Prevention the emerging diseases Promote sanitation and bio-security measures in broodstock facility and hatchery Contamination of AHPND strain Vibrio parahaemolyticus and EHP Poor sanitation of the nursing and grow-out pond Healthy broodstock, PL and healthy pond condition Avoid disperse of pathogenic agent through the PL transportation (PL, water, sediment) vehicle disinfection Co-infection of virus could increase shrimp stress and virulence EMS/AHPND Special environmental for control Vibrio parahaemolyticus (dislike environment) low salinity < 5 ppt. Sterile equipments, pond, life feed with fresh water

Good aquaculture practices for hatchery of disease free of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (TAS 7432-2015) Mandatory standard start from March of 2017 Prevent transmission of target diseases from broodstock to the nauplii The target diseases are White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Yellow head virus (YHV), Taura syndrome virus (TSV), Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) 25

Good aquaculture practices for hatchery of disease free of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (TAS 7432-2015) Requirements: 1. Availability and implementing of Standard Operating Procedures of hatchery to control target diseases. 2. Participation in the targeted surveillance program of the Department of Fishery 3. Availability of surveillance report for a free of the target diseases for at least six consecutive months, 4. The operators in nauplii hatchery shall obtain knowledge, training and/or experience in Pacific white shrimp hatchery operations. 5. Bio-security measures for control personnel and visitors that may be the carrier of target diseases into the hatchery shall be in place. 26

Good aquaculture practices for hatchery of disease free of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (TAS 7432-2015) Requirements: 6. Selection of target disease free Pacific white shrimp broodstock and their source shall be traceable. 7. Availability of effective quarantine system for Pacific white shrimp broodstock, bio-security operating manual for broodstock, nauplius production, feed and feeding, water, tools, equipment, hatching system, vehicle disinfection. 8. Pest and pet control within the production areas of the hatchery. 9. Inspection report and record indicating the absence of the target diseases, and for traceability purpose. 27

Environment Pond environment deterioration: Organic matters accumulation in water column and pond sediment/sludge Related with farm management Ecosystem imbalance (phytoplankton /bacteria) Fluctuate water qualities Deterioration of source water (organic matters and nutrients contamination in high concentrations) Balancing phytoplankton /bacteria through the management of organic matters and nutrients in pond water sediment and feed remaining Low organic matter, nitrogenous compounds and high oxygen condition in water and sediment surface Feeding should be managed efficiently (genetics, environment)

Farm restructure (central pumping system, water preparation, treatment) for removal of wastes during grow-out and recirculation Credit : President Suratthani shrimp farmer club

Increase water preparation pond (water reservoir) and water treatment system, Downsize grow-out ponds Grow-out pond Reservoir Sludge and water treatment pond Credit : President Suratthani shrimp farmer club

Manage 3 phases shrimp culture (Hatchery, farm nursing and grow-out) Types of farm nursing Green house nursing Outdoor nursing Credit : President Suratthani shrimp farmer club

Central Sump, strong aeration for removal wastes Before After Growing Credit : President Suratthani shrimp farmer club

Shrimp production in Thailand had been increased after news technology was developed and widely used to solve problems especially after disease was emerged. EMS/AHPND outbreak create the demand and forcing change of farmers to adopt a new technology and new farm management concept to meet the new equilibrium. The balance between the economic growth in shrimp farming sector and the quality supply of materials (shrimp, feed, other materials) and technology used in shrimp farming should be well managed for the future sustainability. Roles of government and private sectors in the industry should be integrated to achieve this goal.

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