Binderless Particleboard Resistance to Termite Attack Presented at: The International Conference on Wood Adhesives InterContinental Toronto Centre, Canada 9-11 October 2013
PRESENTATION OUTLINE INTRODUCTION Background Purpose of Study METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lab Subterranean Termite Test In-Ground Test Dry Wood Termite Test CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION Background Logs Production 1994-2010 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Indonesian Logs Production 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Plant For Nat For Source: MoF (2011)
Dipterocarp from Natural Forest West Kalimantan, Feb 2006
Mahogany from Plantation Forest Central Java, Sep 2013
Logs Production Log supply in Indonesia in 2009 (MoF, 2010): Community forests 2 million m 3 Natural Forest 4.6 million m 3 Industrial Plantation Forest 25 million m 3 Logs from community forest: Harvested at a young age (4-6 years) and contain a lot of juvenile wood Juvenile wood is more susceptible to termite attack: Lukmandaru & Takahashi (2008): 8-year teak wood (Tectona grandis) was more susceptible to termite (Reticulitermes speratus) attack than teak 30 and 51 years.
Community Forest
Logs Production Logs Production 2010: 42.4 million m 3 54 % from plantation forest Industrial Plantation Forest 2011: 5.3 million ha Species: Mangium, Falcataria, Gmelina, Pulai Fast Growing Species Licenses Issued to Industrial Plantation for Social Forestry (2008-2011): 1.2 million ha.
Wood from Plantation Harvested: 4-10 years (FGS) Planted tree: more juvenile wood Inferior in physical-mechanical properties Lower durability class Economic loss in 2000 (Yoshimura and Tsunoda, 2005): Indonesia USD 200-300 million Wood from plantation is not preserved prior to use, increasing economic loss.
Young Teak Wood, Window Frame West Java, Oct 2011
WPC Preparation for Field Test in Bogor Macrotermes gilvus Termite
Test Period of 3-month Bogor, Indonesia
In-Ground Test, Southern Pine 3-month in Bogor
Particleboard PB from high-density wood was more resistant than lower density wood to subterranean termite attack (Hadi et al. 2011) The influence of adhesive type against termite attack (Weaver & Owen 1992).
Binderless Particleboard Binderless particle- & fiber-board researches Steam injection (Widyorini et al. 2005), Enzymatic activation (Widsten et al. 2004), Direct hot pressing (Hashim et al. 2011), and Oxidation treatment (Karlsson and Westermark 2002, Widsten et al. 2003) Binderless particleboards of some woods from community forest fulfill physical-mechanical properties SNI 2006 and JAS 2003 (Suhasman et al. 2010, 2011).
Internal Bond (Kgf cm -2 ) Internal Bond of Boards (Suhasman et al. 2011) Sengon Gmelina Mindi 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 BP UF MF PF IC Adhesive Type
Activation Process with H2O2
Purpose of Study Resistance of binderless particleboards against termite attack Wood species: Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), Gmelina (Gmelina arborea), and Mindi (Melia azedarach) Termite Tests: Subterranean termite in laboratory Subterranean termite in ground test Dry wood termite in laboratory.
METHODS Particleboard Manufacturing Particle size: 10-20 mesh Oxidation process: Sengon: 5 % H 2 O 2 (wood wt); 5% Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (H 2 O 2 wt) Gmelina & Mindi: 15% H 2 O 2 ; 7.5% Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Hot press: 180 C; 12 min.; 25 kg/cm 2 Conditioning: 8 months, MC PB 7-10%.
Conventional PB For comparison purpose: UF & MF particleboards 10% resin (ODW); hot press 120 C, 7 min., 25 kg/cm 2, conditioning Board size: 30 x 30 x 0.7 (cm); density target 0.75 g/cm 3.
1. Subterranean Termite Test Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren PB: 2 x 2 x 0.7 (cm); Jam pot Each jam pot 200 g sand (25 % MC) 200 healthy and active worker termites Put in the dark room for four weeks MC of sand was kept Determined (5 replication) PB weight loss Termite mortality.
Subterranean Termite Test
Resistance Class ST, SNI Sampel Weight loss (%) Resistant class Very resistant <3.52 I Resistant 3.52 7.50 II Moderate 7.50 10.96 III Poor 10.96 18.94 IV Very poor >18.94 V
2. In-Ground Test Particleboard 20 x 2 x 0.7 (cm): Placed horizontally between 2 plywood (2 cm thick) for 6 weeks Determined (5 replication) Wood failure degree. 24
In-Ground Test
Wood Failure Degree Sampel Condition Score 1 No damage 0 2 Slightly attack, 1-25 % failure 40 3 Moderately attack, 26-50 % failure 70 4 Heavy attacked, 51 75 % failure 90 5 Very heavy attack, 76-100 % failure 100 26
3. Dry Wood Termite Test Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light Wood 5 x 2 x 0.7 (cm) On the center of it sample a glass tube (3 cm height by 1.8 cm diameter) was placed Each sample: 50 worker termites were put Put in the dark room for 12 weeks Determined (5 replication) PB weight loss Termite mortality.
Dry Wood Termite Test Wood Samples
Resistance Class DWT, SNI Sampel Weight loss (%) Resistant class Very resistant <2.0 I Resistant 2.0-4.4 II Moderate 4.4 8.2 III Poor 8.2 28.1 IV Very poor >28.1 V
Data Analysis 3 x 3 factorial in completely randomized design was used to analyze the data; Wood sp (3): Sengon, Gmelina, Mindi PB type (3): Binderless, UF, MF Duncan s test was used for further analysis if the factor was significantly different at p < 5%.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Wood species Density (g/cm 3 ) ST Class Sengon 0.33 5 Gmelina 0.42 5 Mindi 0.55 5
Subterranean Termite, Lab 12 11 Weight Loss (%), ST, Lab 10 8 7 8 7 7 BL UF 6 5 6 5 MF 4 4 2 Sengon Gmelina Mindi
Subterranean Termite, Lab 5 ST, Resistance Class 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 Sengon 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Gmelina Mindi 1 0 BL UF MF Wood
Subterranean Termite, Lab Mortality (%), ST 96 96 92 91 93 94 93 93 92 92 BL UF 88 86 MF 84 Sengon Gmelina Mindi
In Ground Test 100 80 60 100 99 99 Attack Degree, ST, In Ground Test 91 83 69 59 BL UF 40 35 35 MF 20 0 Sengon Gmelina Mindi
Dry Wood Termite Test Weight Loss (%), DWT 5.0 4.0 3.0 4.2 4.6 3.3 3.0 2.8 BP UF 2.0 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.7 MF 1.0 0.0 Sengon Gmelina Mindi
Dry Wood Termite Test 4 DWT, Resistance Class 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 BP UF 1 1 1 MF 0 Sengon Gmelina Mindi
Dry Wood Termite Test 100 Mortality (%), DWT 96 96 96 98 95 98 95 97 96 BL UF 92 91 MF 88 Sengon Gmelina Mindi
Results of variance analysis Test Item Wood Board Interaction species (A) Type (B) (AB) ST Lab Wood weight loss ** ** ns Termite mortality ** ** ** ST Field Wood weight loss ** ** ** Termite mortality ** ** ** DWT Wood weight loss ns ns ns Termite mortality ns ns ns
Duncan s Test Factor Sub-Factor ST Lab Test ST In Ground Test Wood Sp. Sengon A D Gmelina B E Mindi B F Board Type Sengon C G Gmelina C H Mindi C H
CONCLUSION ST Lab & Field Tests: Low to High resistant: Sengon, Gmelina, Mindi (Wood density: 0.33; 0.42; 0.55) BL, UF & MF not different Field Test: UF & MF boards better than binderless board DWT: Wood sp & board type did not affect resistant.
Publication ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Suhasman S, YS Hadi, MY Massijaya, A Santoso. 2012. Binderless Particleboard Resistance to Termite Attack. Forest Products J. 62(5): 412-415 Sponsorship of the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture for Conducting the research through National Strategic Grant Facilitate presenting the paper in this seminar.
Thank You Very Much 18-Nov-13 43 Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia