J.A. Lory 1, R.E. Massey 2 and M.C. Shannon 3 1 Plant Sciences, 2 Agricultural and Applied Economics, 3 Animal Science University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
Costs: $184.04 /hog (58% feed) Loss: $ 12.47 /hog Manure 1 : $ 8.41 /hog Feed, $107.18 Variable Costs, $22.19 Operating Interest, $3.32 Fixed Costs, $8.45 Feeder Pig, $38.55 1 ISU analysis did not include manure value.
Profit/Loss ($/pig) 40.00 30.00 20.00 Includes Full Manure Value No Manure Value 10.00 0.00-10.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012-20.00-30.00-40.00
Assess the impact of incorporating manure into feed management decisions. How have changes in low-cost diets over the period from 2002 to 2011 affected estimated fertilizer value of manure? Period covers the widespread adoption of incorporating corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDG) into swine diets. Determine how low-cost diets would have changed if fertilizer value of excreted was integrated as a co-product into linear programming feed optimization routines. The goal is no longer least cost ration formulation but jointly considering ration cost and manure value.
Percent 50-70 lb No DDG 50-70 lb 40% DDG 210-250 lb No DDG 210-250 lb 30% DDG 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Regulatory and voluntary strategy to minimize impact of manure management on water quality is to fully utilize manure nutrients as fertilizer for crop production(usepa, 2008). Fertilizer nutrients can be a significant component of net income on swine operations (e.g. Lory et al., 2004). Fertilizer value of nutrients excreted by livestock can vary widely due to many factors including: diet, manure handling system, method of application and soil nutrient status.
Software is commonly used to optimize diets based on nutritional needs of the animal and costs of available ingredients. Feed optimization programs primarily consider input costs for evaluating low-cost rations. Some research suggests adding environmental costs for over feeding N and P. Our research is asking if the market for feed and fertilizer nutrients can address N and P pollution.
National Swine Nutrition Guide (NSNG) Diet Formulation and Evaluation Software (NSNG, 2010) estimates manure fertilizer value of different diets Does not include manure value as part of the optimization routine. Nutritional constraint changes in recent years Available P was reduced in 2007 for 50-130 lb pigs; constant, otherwise. Ca was reduced in 2007 for all diets affects Ca:P ratios that can affect P in the manure. Amino Acids changed (some increased, some decreased) in 2007 can affect N in manure by affecting crude protein in diet.
Dollars/bushel $8 $7 $6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1 $0
Cost ($/ton) 600 Corn Soybean Meal (47.5%) DDG 500 400 300 200 100 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Cost ($/ton) MonoCal (21%P) DiCal (18.5%P) Anhy Ammon DAP Potash $1,200.00 $1,000.00 $800.00 $600.00 $400.00 $200.00 $0.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Evaluated seven diets: 50-70 lb pigs 70-90 lb pigs 90-130 lb pigs 130-170 lb pigs 170-210 lb pigs 210-250 lb pigs Greater than 250 lb pigs Evaluated with or without DDG as a feed component option. 50-130 lb pigs limited to 40% DDG in ration 130 to 250 lb pigs limited to 30% DDG in ration Greater than 250 lb pigs were not fed DDG in ration. Evaluated with an without manure value in the optimization function.
USDA Annual Prices for Corn Soybean Meal Anhydrous Ammonia Fertilizer Diammonium Phosphate Fertilizer Potassium Fertilizer By-Product Feed Price Database DDG Missouri Swine Feed Group (personal communication) Dical Monocal L-Lysine L-Threonine Phytase - effectiveness based on Naturophos option in NSNG (2010).
Phase Finisher 1 (50-70 lb.) Finisher 6 (210-250 lb.) Year of nutrient constraints 1997 2007 1997 2007 ME (kcal/lb) 1,510 1,512 1,517 1,521 Total Lys 1.21 1.10 0.54 0.66 Iso 0.72 0.61 0.32 0.37 Met 0.33 0.31 0.15 0.19 Met&Cys 0.66 0.63 0.29 0.38 Thr 0.78 0.67 0.35 0.41 Try 0.22 0.18 0.10 0.11 Val 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.43 Ca 0.76 0.56 0.50 0.49 Avail P 0.34 0.27 0.19 0.19 Ca:TP ratio 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 Ca:AP ratio 2.23 2.07 2.70 2.62 DDGS limit 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3
Diet nutrients constraints based on Kansas State University Swine Nutrition Guide (1998; 2007) and NRC (1998, 2012). Feed component composition based on NSNG (2010). Nutrient retention (N, P, K) of pigs based on equations in NSNG (2010). Nutrient availability for crop production of excreted nutrients based on slurry tank manure injected into soil. Excreted N, P and K were assumed to be 70%, 100% and100% available, respectively. Linear programming optimization routines executed in Microsoft Excel Solver.
Excreted nutrients are the difference between fed nutrient and retained nutrients. Over feeding nutrients in swine diets does not further increase nutrient retention of pigs(e.g. Henley et al., 2012;McDonnell et al., 2011). Curvilinear relationship between phytase units (FTU kg -1 ) and P availability (%) linearized for optimization routine by transforming relationships into six linear segments with decreasing effectiveness. Farmers received full fertilizer value for plant-available manure N, P and K.
Results
Cost difference between with and without DDG in diet $70 50 70 90 130 170 210 $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Pounds of N/ton of Feed 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 5 0 In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out 50 70 90 130 170 210 250 Beginning Weight: DDG in diet/ddg out of diet
Pounds of P2O5/ton of Feed 25 20 2002 15 10 5 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0 In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out 50 70 90 130 170 210 250 Beginning Weight: DDG in diet/ddg out of diet
Pounds of P2O5/ton of Feed 3 Positive value: DDG in diet increases P2O5 in manure Negative value: DDG in diet decreases P2O5 in manure 2 1 0-1 -2 In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out 50 70 90 130 170 210 250 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011-3 -4 Beginning Weight: DDG in diet/ddg out of diet Grower: DDG is always increase diet CP and excreted N
Pounds of K2O/ton of Feed 25 20 15 10 5 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0 In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out 50 70 90 130 170 210 250 Beginning Weight: DDG in diet/ddg out of diet
lb. P/ton feed No DDG in diet 40% DDG in diet 14 Corn P SBM P DDG P Mineral P 14 Corn P SBM P DDG P Mineral P 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 6 4 4 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 2 2 0 0
Value ($/ton of feed) 50-70 lb No DDG 50-70 lb 40% DDG 210-250 lb No DDG 210-250 lb 30% DDG 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
DDG always the low-cost diet. DDG always increased diet CP and excreted N. DDG usually decreased excreted P prior to 2007. DDG usually increased excreted P after 2007. On the whole, excretion of N, P and K have decreased over time. Due to increasing value of fertilizer nutrients, the value of manure has increased over time.
Results
Pounds of P/ton of Feed 10 Limestone: AP = 0? 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year: no = Diet optimization only Yes = Diet and Manure optimization Sum of TP Mineral Sum of TP DDG Sum of TP SBM Sum of TP Corn Note: Phytase used in 2009, 2010 and 2011 when manure value not optimized
Change ($/ton) Year Diet Cost Manure Value Net Value 2007 1.91 2.45 0.54 2008 0.00 0.00 0.00 2009 0.00 0.00 0.00 2010 0.35 0.38 0.04 2011 1.03 1.20 0.17 Average.66.81.15
Pounds of P/ton of Feed 10 2007 high P not seen when no DDG in diet 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year: no = Diet optimization only Yes = Diet and Manure optimization Sum of TP Dical Sum of TP MonoCal Sum of TP SBM Sum of TP Corn Note: Phytase used in 2009, 2010 and 2011 when manure value not optimized
Change ($ ton feed) Year Diet Cost Manure Value Net Value 2007 0.06 0.08 0.02 2008 0.11 0.26 0.15 2009 0.03 1.54 1.50 2010 0.57 1.43 0.86 2011 0.75 1.69 0.94 Average.30 1.00.70
Weight Range Net Feed Cost Difference between Manure included and Manure not included in optimization Net Feed Cost = Feed Cost Manure Value 210-250 170-210 130-170 90-130 DDG No DDG 70-90 50-70 $0.00 $0.10 $0.20 $0.30 $0.40 $0.50 $0.60 $0.70 $0.80 $0.90 $1.00 Difference in Net Feed Costs ($/ton)
1. Had no effect on diet composition 2001-2006. 2. Small benefits but worth evaluating in 2007-2011. 3. Eliminated phytase from diets containing DDG. 4. Reduced or eliminated phytase in C-SBM diets. Controlled by energy in diet and P- density of P sources.
Manure is a significant source of value to livestock producers. Opportunities exist to integrate the value of manure into the least cost diet decision so that net income is optimized. Impact is currently small. Caveat: cost of diets are certain expense; value of manure is uncertain revenue. Minimizing P Excretion in C-SBM diets still limited by P availability of corn.
J.A. Lory 1, R.E. Massey 2 and M.C. Shannon 3 1 Plant Sciences, 2 Agricultural and Applied Economics, 3 Animal Science University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
Cost ($/ton) 50-70 lb phase 170-210 lb phase $350.00 No DDG 40% DDG $350.00 No DDG 30% DDG $300.00 $300.00 $250.00 $250.00 $200.00 $200.00 $150.00 $150.00 $100.00 $100.00 $50.00 $50.00 $0.00 $0.00
lb. N/ton feed 50-70 lb phase 210-250 lb phase 45 No DDG 40% DDG 45 No DDG 30% DDG 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 15 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 10 10 5 5 0 0
lb. P2O5/ton feed 50-70 lb phase 210-250 lb phase 25 No DDG 40% DDG 25 No DDG 30% DDG 20 20 15 15 10 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 10 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 5 5 0 0
lb. K2O/ton feed 50-70 lb phase 210-250 lb phase 25 No DDG 40% DDG 25 No DDG 30% DDG 20 20 15 15 10 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 10 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 5 5 0 0
lb. P/ton feed 12 Manure value not in optimization Corn P SBM P DDG P MonoCal P DiCal P 14 14 12 Manure value in optimization Corn P SBM P DDG P MonoCal P Dical P 10 10 8 6 4 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 8 6 4 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 2 2 0 0
lb. P/ton feed Corn P SBM P DDG P MonoCal P DiCal P 10 9 8 Manure value not in optimization 10 9 8 Manure value in optimization Corn P SBM P DDG P MonoCal P Dical P 7 6 7 6 5 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0 1997 Constraints 2007 Constraints