GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS Q & a Carl Orio, Chairman, CGD, AI Water Energy Distributors Inc Modern Geothermal HVAC Engineering Applications and Controls- McGraw-Hill 2013 TSA Chairman Us-CSA Standards 448.6 & 448.7 (in Draft) 2 Starwood Drive Hampstead NH 03841 (603) 329-8122
SUMMARY RENEWABLE ENERGY HARVESTING RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE AMPLIFIERS GEO HEAT PUMPS & EARTH COUPLING HEAT PUMP EFFICIENCIES MODULATING HEAT PUMPS
Q ARE GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVICES?
Where Does the Earth Get Its Energy? sun core 2D-500EarthOptions 4
The source of Earth Energy is derived from nuclear reactions The majority comes from our sun 50% OF THIS ENERGY IS STORED IN THE EARTH s WATERS 2D-500EarthOptions 5
2D-500EarthOptions 6
The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about TWICE as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non- renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined Stanford University s Global Climate & Energy Project
WATER Is RENEWABLE ENERGY 2D-500EarthOptions 8
WATER IS THE MOST EFFICIENT NATURAL HEAT TRANSFER SUBSTANCE 4X more effective Energy Transfer Substance Air = 0.24 cal/g/ºc Water = 1.00 cal/g /ºC 1. More Energy Transfer at any Temperature 2. Higher Overall Efficiency
What Does the US EPA have to Say About Geothermal Heat Pumps? Lowest Cost Heating & Cooling Best for the Air Environment Best for Electric Utilities EPA Report 430-R-93-004 - Space Conditioning the Next Frontier Water Energy Distributors, Inc. -copyright 2012
Q CAN A GEO HEAT PUMP AMPLIFY OTHER RENWABLE ENERGY SOURCES?
AMPLIFY Alternative Energy w/ Geothermal Heat Pumps Building HEATING COP= 5.0 + 5 Units Heat EnergyTOthe = BUILDING NOW 1Electric Energy 4 to 5 Units Units FROMthe Earth COP= 5.9
Renewable Energy s best friend! Solar Thermal 19.9 28.1 Solar Photo Voltaic Deep Geothermal Renew Alone* W/GeoHeatPump** /kw 5.2 7.4 /kw 46.9-70.5 12.3 18.6 /kw /kw 6.2-7.6 /kw Wind 6.1 8.4 Ocean /kw N/A 1.6 2.0 /kw 1.6 2.2 /kw SCIAMERICAN MARCH 2009 **COP =3.8
Storing Renewable Energy STORAGE METHOD Typical Cost / kwhour Cost to Retrieve/kWhour Fuel Cells $ 2,000 50% loss Batteries Stationary Auto $ 500 -$ 600 $ 150-$ 300 25 35 % loss Stored Air/Water Pressure $ 6,000 - $ 7,000 varies EarthWaters -$ 0-0.005watts MA-DOER-903.ppt 14
What Does the US EPA have to Say About Geothermal Heat Pumps? Lowest Cost Heating & Cooling Best for the Air Environment Best for Electric Utilities EPA Report 430-R-93-004 - Space Conditioning the Next Frontier Water Energy Distributors, Inc. -copyright 2012
Single Output Electricity Can Burn Many Fuels Waste Heat Rejected to Atmosphere through cooling Towers or Body of Water NatlGrd806-1.ppt 16 Conventional Power Plant Stack Losses & Waste FUEL 100% Heat Rejected to Atmosphere (70%) Conventional Power Plant Useful Energy (30%)
Eastern Electric Grid (kwh of source energy per kwh of delivered energy *) Transmission & Distribution Losses 9.6% Nonrenewable Energy (includes 2.532 kwh of fossil) 3.321 kwh Renewable Energy Total Energy 0.122 kwh 3.442 kwh to Deliver 1.0 kwh Electric ( *Source - TR NREL/TP-550-38614-June 2006) NatlGrd806-1.ppt 17
Q CAN I COMPARE AIR-to-AIR AND GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS EFFICIENCIES?
COMPARITIVE EFFICIENCIES Manufacturer s Performance Reference Today s Air source label performance range *COP of 2.0-3.7 translates to HSPF of 6.8 to 12.5 For Region IV only Today s Geothermal label performance Range: Ratings AHRI/ISO-13256: *COP 3.5 6.1 *EER - 17 51 Not zone related *Under best exchange temp (earth or air-source) operation
NATIONAL HEAT/COOL REGIONS Average hours (not minimum) 22%
Region IV vs. Region V 1000 WashDC-IV BurlVT-V n B I N H o u r s I 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 Region -V- Burlington COLDER Region-IV- Washington WARMER 200 100 0 102 97 92 87 82 77 72 67 62 57 52 47 42 37 32 27 22 17 12 7-2 -3-8 -13-18 Average BIN Temperatures- Deg F e.g. 17 is 15-19 BIN Data from NOAA 30 year weather data
Best Air-source performance conditions HSPF to COP Based on 68F indoor set point ARI outdoor air temp for heating rating point Inputs For HSPF Less than 8.5 (PSC blower) For HSPF Greater than 8.5 (ECM blower) ONLY Outside Air Temp = 45 degf Outside Air Temp = 45 degf Rated HSPF = 8 Rated HSPF = 10 *Difference = -0.2758computed *Difference = -0.2465computed Adjusted HSPF = 10.21 computed Adjusted HSPF = 12.46 computed at 45 degrees F at 45 degrees F Equivalent COP = 2.99 computed Equivalent COP = 3.65 compu ted
Adjusted Air-source performance HSPF to COP Based on 68F indoor setpoint Inputs For HSPF Less than 8.5 (PSC blower) For HSPF Greater than 8.5 (ECM blower) ONLY Outside Air Temp = 30 degf Outside Air Temp = 30 degf Rated HSPF = 8 Rated HSPF = 10 *Difference = -0.0285computed *Difference = 0.0162computed Adjusted HSPF = 8.23 computed Adjusted HSPF = 9.84 computed at 30 degrees F at 30 degrees F Equivalent COP = 2.41 computed Equivalent COP = 2.88 computed
Q HOW EFFICIENT ARE TODAY s GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP? 2D-500EarthOptions 24
AHRI/ISO Includes Pumping & Pressure Drop Penalties, but not duct static effect!
3-12-12 Cost Serviceability Design significance COP = 5.6
Q WHAT IS A MODULATING HEAT PUMP DOES IT RAISE THE EFFICIENCY BAR?
Condenser is HOT Evaporator is COLD WINTER HEATING- OUT - Building Side AXIUM- ENERGY IN MUST EQUAL ENERGY OUT SINK- EARTH - OUT SOURCE- IN EARTH SUMMER COOLING IN Building Side
Condenser is HOT Evaporator is COLD WINTER HEATING LOAD How To Transfer More FREE ENERGY EASY- make a BIGGER HEAT EXCHANGER BUT Now it s TOO BIG for the SUMMER Operation SO Make a SMALLER/SLOWER COMPRESSOR SINK- EARTH SOURCE- EARTH SUMMER COOLING LOAD
Today s Modern Geothermal HP 5.9 6.1 [OPEN RECYCLE] [CLOSED LOOP]
Q What are my GEOTHERMAL EARTH COUPLING OPTIONS? 2D-500EarthOptions 31
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS EARTH COUPLING OPTIONS Closed Loop Applications Standing Column Wells Open Applications 2D-500EarthOptions 32 Earth Coupling
Types of Earth Coupling Closed Loop Standing Column Open to Recycle Conductive 2D-500EarthOptions 33 Conductive & Advective Advective
Earth Coupling Installation Factors for GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS Open Standing Closed Recycle Column Loop EACH METHOD MUST BE EVALUATED FOR THE APPLICATION & LOCATION 2D-500EarthOptions 34 Efficiency First Cost Geology Maintenance Regulatory Thermal 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3-2 3-2 1 1 2 1 = best/favorable Earth Coupling
Q ARE GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVICES? YES
Q CAN A GEO HEAT PUMP AMPLIFY OTHER RENWABLE ENERGY SOURCES? BY A FACTOR OF 4-5
Q CAN I COMPARE AIR-to-AIR AND GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS EFFICIENCIES? Compute COP s from HSPF
Q HOW EFFICIENT ARE TODAY s GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP? COP s Up to 6.1 2D-500EarthOptions 38
Q WHAT IS A MODULATING HEAT PUMP DOES IT RAISE THE EFFICIENCY BAR? Variable Refrigerant Pumping & COP s > 6.1
Q What are my GEOTHERMAL EARTH COUPLING OPTIONS? Three Site Specific Options no one is better than another 2D-500EarthOptions 40
Thanks