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Genetic Engineering Students will be able to exemplify ways that introduce new genetic characteristics into an organism or a population by applying the principles of modern genetics. Biology Standard B-4.9
What do all these organisms have in common? They are all genetically modified organisms
What is Genetic Engineering? Genetic engineering is the process of replacing specific genes in an organism in order to ensure that the organism expresses a desired trait. Example: GloFish are the first genetically engineered pet sold in stores
Genetic Engineering Affects Organisms Genetic engineering affects the physical appearance of an organism AND its underlying genes Phenotype: physical expression of genes Genotype: actual set of genes in an organism
How is genetic engineering done? Genetic engineering is accomplished by taking specific genes from one organism and placing them into another. Remember: genes code for proteins AND proteins determine your traits.
Where are the genes? Genetic engineering can only occur when scientists know exactly where particular genes for particular traits occur on specific chromosomes.
cientists Use Gene Maps Scientists need to know exactly where the particular gene for a desired trait is on a chromosome. A gene map shows the relative location of each known gene on a chromosome. Simple Gene Map Example:
Gene Maps
The Human Genome Project A genome refers to all the genetic material in an organism. The Human Genome Project mapped the DNA sequence of human genes. Human Genome Project is useful in identifying genes for specific traits. What is the Human Genome Project? CLICK HERE What's On Each Chromosome? CLICK HERE
1. Genetic Cloning In cloning, an identical copy of a gene or an entire organism is produced. This may occur naturally or may be engineered. How Is Genetic Cloning Done? CLICK HERE
Cloning: the good and the bad Cloning Benefits: organ transplants or saving endangered species Cloning Drawbacks: producing organisms with genetic disorders or health problems. Human Cloning... are we next?
2. Gene Therapy In gene therapy, scientists insert a normal gene into an absent or abnormal gene. Benefit/Pro: Once inserted the normal gene begins to produce the correct protein or enzyme, eliminating the cause of the disorder. Drawback/Cons: However, gene therapy has had limited success because the host often rejects the injected genetic material.
3. Stem Cells (Revisited) Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become specialized in structure or function. Although primarily found in embryos, they are also found all over the adult human body. Example: bone marrow stem cells Benefits/Pro: Therapy using stem cells can replace tissue that is deficient due to disease or damage. Drawback/Cons: However, there are controversial methods of obtaining the cells and adult stem cells may be harder to isolate
Results of Genetic Engineering Plants that have natural insecticides, are higher in protein, or spoil more slowly. Animals that are bigger, are faster growing, or are resistant to disease. Bacteria that produce hormones such as human insulin or human growth hormone.
In humans, it is theoretically possible to transplant copies of normal genes into the cells of people suffering from genetically carried diseases such as: Tay-Sachs disease cystic fibrosis sickle-cell anemia Results of Genetic Engineering in Humans
WS Do Now?
Concept Map p 94 GENETIC ENGINEERING- replacing specific genes to ensure desired trait GENE MAP- shows location of each gene on a chromosome based on genome
Concept Map p 94 CLONING- create an identical copy of gene or organism ex: Dolly the Sheep GENE THERAPY- insert a normal gene into an absent of abnormal gene. Gene will produce the correct protein or enzyme (eliminating the disorder)
Concept Map p 94 Stem Cells- primarily found in embryos (in adult bone marrow). Cells that are undifferentiated (can become any type of cell) ex: skin, brain, liver, etc.
Plant: resistant to bugs, have more nutrition, and go bad slower Animal: bigger, grow quicker, resistant to disease Bacteria: creates helpful hormones and insulin Humans: could be cured from genetic diseases Concept Map p 93 Results of Genetic Engineering