Key Issue 1: Where Did Agriculture Originate?

Revised 2018 NAME: PERIOD: Rubenstein: The Cultural Landscape (12 th edition) Chapter Nine Food and Agriculture (pages 306 thru 347) This is the primary means by which you will be taking notes this year and they are referred to in the course as Key Issue Questions or Guided Reading Notes. You will be expected to print out these pages from the class webpage and write the answers directly below each question. These notes are to be kept in a 3-ring binder for the entire year and will be the foundation for studying for the individual section reading checks and chapter tests, the Semester Exams, and the AP Exam in May. Key Issue 1: Where Did Agriculture Originate? INTRODUCING FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LEARNING OUTCOME 9.1.1 UNDERSTAND THE ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE 1. In geographic terms, what is meant by agriculture? 2. Why is it impossible to know exactly where the process of agriculture originated? 3. Why do scientists believe that the first agricultural revolution occurred around 8000 B.C.? 4. Identify the environmental factor that contributed to the first agricultural revolution. Identify the cultural factor(s) that contributed to the first agricultural revolution. 5. Important agricultural hearths include: (list out crops and/or animals associated with each hearth) Southwest Asia = East Asia =

Central and South Asia = Sub-Saharan Africa = Latin America = 6. What factors explain both the diversity and diffusion of food items from their original hearths? SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE LEARNING OUTCOME 9.1.2 DESCRIBE THE PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE 7. What is the difference between subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture? 8. The primary difference between subsistence and commercial agriculture boils down to: percentage of in the labor force, the use of, and. 9. The percent of workers engaged directly in farming in developed countries is about as compared to in developing countries. What is the percentage of farmers in North America (United States and Canada)? 10. What push AND pull factors contributed to the decline of farms in the U.S. during the second half of the 20 th century? 11. What technological and scientific advances in equipment and transportation have allowed commercial farmers in MDCs, like the U.S., to produce higher crop yields and healthier animals as compared to LDCs? 12. How does GPS and other satellite imagery help modern farmers in MDCs? 13. Why are some farms so large in the U.S. and Canada today?

14. What is the explanation for the decline in the amount of land devoted to agriculture in the U.S. today? Key Issue 2: Why Do People Consume Different Foods? DIET AND NUTRITION LEARNING OUTCOME 9.2.1 EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN FOOD CONSUMPTION 15. Describe the most typical human on Earth today. 16. In geographic terms, what is meant by dietary energy consumption? 17. Most humans get most of their daily calories from consuming. The three most commonly produced and eaten examples are,, and. 18. Calorie consumption is most likely to be lowest in countries where people. SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS LEARNING OUTCOME 9.2.2 EXPLAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS 19. According to the United Nations, food security is. By this definition, percent of the world does not have food security. 20. What is the main source of protein consumed in developed countries? What is the main source of protein consumed in developing countries? Key Issue 3: Where is Agriculture Distributed? AGRICULTURAL REGIONS AND CLIMATE LEARNING OUTCOME 9.3.1 RECOGNIZE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MAPS OF AGRICULTURE AND OF CLIMATE 21. Using the map on pages 316 and 317, geographer Derwent Whittlesey divided the world into agricultural regions (not including areas of nonexistent agriculture); of which were

classified as found in MDCs and as found in LDCs. 22. Based upon the map, Florida s agricultural region classification would be, and climate region would be. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE IN DRY REGIONS LEARNING OUTCOME 9.3.2 EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPAL FORMS OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE IN LOWER-DENSITY DRY REGIONS MAKE SURE TO FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL REGION TYPES AND WHERE THEY CAN BE FOUND AROUND THE WORLD. 23. Why were hunter and gatherer groups usually comprised of less than 50 people? 24. Why did hunter and gatherer groups have to be nomadic? 25. Hunter and gatherer groups make up percent of the world s population today. They are isolated groups that live on the periphery of world settlement, such as in or. 26. In geographic terms, what is pastoral nomadism? What are examples of pastoral nomadic groups today? 27. To pastoral nomads what is the significance of the size of their herd? 28. What animals are typically associated with pastoral nomadism? 29. In geographic terms, what is meant by transhumance? 30. What factors are contributing to the decline of pastoral nomadism? 31. Why might governments try to force these nomads to give up their traditional lifestyles?

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE IN TROPICAL REGIONS LEARNING OUTCOME 9.3.3 EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPAL FORMS OF SUBSISTANCE AGRICULTURE IN LOWER-DENSITY TROPICAL REGIONS 32. The practice of shifting cultivation is most often found in what regions of the world? 33. What are the two main characteristics of shifting cultivation (aka slash-and-burn agriculture)? 34. In geographic terms, what is a swidden? 35. What are the limitations of the swidden for farming? 36. Name five crops grown through the process of shifting cultivation. 37. How might shifting cultivation fields differ in appearance from typical fields in MDCs, such as those of the Kayapo people of Brazil s Amazon tropical rain forest? 38. How widespread is shifting cultivation AND what percentage of people are involved in it? 39. Identify reasons why shifting cultivation is on the decline.

40. Why is shifting agriculture considered by some to be environmentally sound? 41. What are the effects of deforestation in the tropics? 42. Where is most of the plantation farming carried out in the world today? 43. Name at least five typical crops grown on plantations today. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE IN POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS LEARNING OUTCOME 9.3.4 EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPAL FORMS OF SUBSISTANCE AGRICULTURE IN HIGHER-DENSITY DEVELOPING REGIONS 44. In geographic terms, what is intensive subsistence agriculture? 45. Why is most of the work done by hand in intensive subsistence agriculture? 46. By what means do these farmers attempt to maximize food production? 47. In geographic terms, what is double cropping? 48. What is wet rice? 49. Name three regions where wet-rice production is used. 50. What is a sawah, also sometime known as a paddy?

51. In geographic terms, what is crop rotation? FISHING LEARNING OUTCOME 9.3.5 DESCRIBE THE CONTRIBUTION OF FISHING TO THE WORLD FOOD SUPPLY 52. What is the difference between fishing and aquaculture (aka aquafarming)? 53. What is the fish used for other than human consumption? 54. What is overfishing? COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE: CROP BASED LEARNING OUTCOME 9.3.6 DESCRIBE THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SEVERAL FORMS OF CROP-BASED COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE 55. In geographic terms, what is agribusiness? 56. What are examples of the types of grain typically grown in commercial agriculture? 57. In what way is commercial grain agriculture different from mixed crop and livestock farming? 58. Why is wheat the most important crop grown in commercial agriculture today? (FYI, it is also the world s leading export crop.) 59. What is the explanation for the increased production of wheat in developing countries? 60. List three nations, other than the U.S., that are large producers of wheat.

61. In what regions is Mediterranean agriculture primarily found? 62. Describe the climate and topography associated with Mediterranean agriculture. 63. In geographic terms, what is horticulture? 64. The two most important cash crops grown around the Mediterranean Sea are and. 65. What type of agriculture dominates in the U.S. Southeast? (FYI, it is also called truck farming.) 66. What are the crops associated with truck farming? 67. Who, or what, is the greatest consumer of the crops from commercial gardening and fruit farming? 68. What crops are associated with the specialty farming of New England? COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE: MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK LEARNING OUTCOME 9.3.7 DESCRIBE THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SEVERAL FORMS OF MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE 69. What is the most common form of commercial agriculture in the U.S. west of the Appalachian Mountains and in much of Europe? 70. What is an advantage for the farmer from this type of agriculture? 71. What types of crops and livestock are raised on U.S. mixed crop and livestock farms?

72. According to von Thünen s model, what is the most basic consideration for a commercial farmer? 73. What are the two costs that then have to be considered? 74. This model was based upon what two assumptions? COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE: ANIMAL-BASED LEARNING OUTCOME 9.3.8 DESCRIBE DAIRY AND RANCHING COMMERICAL AGRICULTURE 75. Why are dairy farms often located in the first ring of commercial agriculture (aka the milkshed) outside larger markets? 76. What other milk products are produced further away from urban centers? 77. Which nation has become the largest per capita (for each person) dairy producer, bypassing the U.S.? 78. Identify two challenges associated with dairy farming. 79. In geographic terms, what is ranching? 80. What countries, other than the U.S., are world leaders in grazing cattle and/or sheep?

Key Issue 4: Why Do Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges? LOSING AGRICULTURAL LAND LEARNING OUTCOME 9.4.1 EXPLAIN REASONS FOR LOSS OF FARMLAND 81. One of the first reasons for the decreasing amount of agricultural land is due to, which is especially evident along the East Coast of the U.S. The most productive farmland is often called. 82. What causes desertification, aka semiarid land degradation? 83. According to the Earth Policy Institute, how much land has already been degraded? IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY LEARNING OUTCOME 9.4.2 UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION 84. Thomas Malthus (from Chapter 2) predicted declining food supplies as the population increased due to the Industrial Revolution. Why didn t this come true? 85. According to Ester Boserup, subsistence farmers were able to increase their food supply through intensification of production in two ways: 86. What are the two primary practices of the Green Revolution? 87. What are the advantages associated with the miracle wheat seed? 88. What two other types of miracle seeds have since been developed? and

89. Why are many farmers in LDCs unable to benefit from the Green Revolution advancements? CONSERVING AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES LEARNING OUTCOME 9.4.3 UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN AGRICULTURE 90. Eight percent of the water in California is used by. 91. Conservation tillage comes in two forms:, which is the farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year s harvest is left untouched on the field, and, which is a system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil preservation. APPLYING BIOTECHNOLOGY TO AGRICULTURE LEARNING OUTCOME 9.4.4 UNDERSTAND THE DEBATE OVER THE PLANTING OF GMO SEEDS 92. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) seeds are designed to survive and that are typically sprayed on fields to kill weeds and insects. Why are they often called Roundup-ready? 93. How much of the processed food that Americans eat has at least one genetically modified ingredient? 94. What are the concerns associated with using GMO seeds, especially in African nations? c.

GLOBAL FOOD TRADE LEARNING OUTCOME 9.4.5 EXPLAIN THE CONTRIBUTION OF EXPANDING EXPORTS TO WORLD FOOD SUPPLY 95. The countries that are the leading importers of food today are,,, and. 96. is the leading exporter of grain, including nearly of the world s maize exports. 97. On a global scale, agricultural products are primarily moving from the Hemisphere to the Hemisphere. The region of is the biggest exporter of agricultural products. FYI, coffee, cacao, and fruits such as avocado and papaya are the primary crops sold to developed nations. 98. In general what do subsistence farmers need to expand production? 99. In developing countries, such as Kenya, do the majority of the subsistence farming to feed the family, while may work for wages or grow crops for export. 100. What is the dilemma that most governments in developing nations face with regard to the exporting of crops? 101. Some farmers in developing countries have chosen, or are forced, to grow and export certain illicit (forbidden) drug crops as a way to make a living. Name three of these drug crops.,, and GLOBAL AGRICULTURE AND UNDERNOURISHMENT LEARNING OUTCOME 9.4.6 UNDERSTAND THE DISTRIBUTION OF UNDERNOURISHMENT 102. According to the reading, what is the greatest challenge to the world s food supply in the 21 st century? 103. According to the United Nations (UN), how many people world-wide are considered undernourished? Overall, all but two percent of the world s undernourished people are in countries. In geographic terms, what does undernourished mean? 104. Refer to the pie chart on page 342: Which nation has the highest number of people who are considered undernourished? Refer to the map on page 343: Which region has the highest percentages of undernourished people?

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LEARNING OUTCOME 9.4.7 UNDERSTAND PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING 105. Which nation is seen as the world leader in amount of agricultural land used for organic farming? 106. Of the various types of agriculture discussed in the previous sections, which is most suitable for organic-style farming? 107. What is the benefit in organic farming by not confining livestock to small pens or administering antibiotic/growth hormones? 108. What is meant by identifying agricultural produce as either the dirty dozen or the clean fifteen? 109. Identify three government policies created to assist the profitability of farmers in the U.S. c.