.meet the ASHRAE GreenGuide Presented by Tim Dwyer Chairman CIBSE ASHRAE Group Acting Head of Department, Department of Engineering Systems London South Bank University timdwyer@lsbu.ac..ac.uk With thanks for main content to Dr. Tom Lawrence, P.E., LEED-AP lawrence@engr.uga.edu ASHRAE s s Sustainable Roadmap Integrating sustainability principles into all appropriate publications Actively participate with internationally recognized building sustainability groups as appropriate Promote and provide education on sustainability Research Strategic Plan Journal Articles Energy and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Tools and Applications Equipment, Components, and Materials Education and Outreach 1
Journal Articles Journal Articles Advanced Energy Design Guides Documents that go 30%, 50%, and 70% above Standard 90.1-1999 New Buildings (30%) - Small Office Buildings - published - Small Retail published - K-12 Schools - Warehouse - Highway Lodging From Sustainability to Green Sustainability is a simple and good general definition when is applied to planet Earth, however, it is difficult to apply the concept, in a meaningful way, to an individual earthly component such as a building ASHRAE focused on green buildings and so the GreenGuide was developed - specifically directed toward practitioners. For an explanation of how lighting is treated in the office guide see www.energycodes.gov/training/pdfs/webcast_adv_lighiting_lane.pdf 2
But why bother with a GreenGuide? Doing the right thing Regulations Lowering ownership costs Increased productivity Filling a design need But why bother with a GreenGuide? Doing the Right Thing Regulations The motivations and reasons for implementing green buildings are diverse but can be condensed into essentially wanting to do the right thing to protect the earth s s resources. For some, a wakeup call occurred in 1973 with the oil embargo and with it a realization that there may be a need to manage our planet s s finite resources. Society has recognized that previous industrial and developmental actions caused long-term damage to our environment, resulting in loss of food sources and plant and animal species, and changes to the earth s s climate. As a result of learning from past mistakes and studying the environment, the international community identified certain actions that threaten our ecosystem s s bio-diversity and consequently it developed several governmental regulations designed to protect our environment. Thus, in this sense, the green design initiative began with the implementation of building regulations. An example is the regulated phasing out of chlorofluorocarbons. 3
Lowering Ownership Costs Increased Productivity Green design is lowering the total cost of ownership in terms of resource management and energy efficiency. - controlling site storm water for use in irrigation incorporating energy efficiency measures in HVAC design - developing maintenance strategies to ensure continued high-level building performance. Recognition of increased productivity from a building that is comfortable and enjoyable and provides healthy conditions. Comfortable occupants are less distracted, able to focus better on their tasks/activities, and appreciate the physiological benefits good green design provides. Filling A Design Need ASHRAE s s Green Design There are increasing numbers of building owners and developers asking for green design services. There is considerable business for design professionals who can master the principles of green design and provide leadership in this. aware of and respects nature and the natural order of things a green building is one that achieves high performance, over the full life cycle, in the following areas - minimal consumption of non-renewable and depletable natural resources - minimal atmospheric emissions - minimal discharge of harmful wastes including those from demolition of the building - minimal negative impacts on site ecosystems 4
ASHRAE Green Guide Overview Content: Three Basic Sections Basics (Chapters 1 2) Design Process (Chapters 3 16) Post Design ASHRAE Green Guide Chapter 3 Commissioning - Why is this the 3 rd chapter in the book? - Phases of Commissioning Preliminary Design Continuous Commissioning Construction Acceptance Chapter 3 - Commissioning Commissioning models (who is in charge?) - Design team? - General contractor? - Individual contractors (mechanical, electrical)? - Third party? Chapter 3 - Commissioning Pages 51-52 5
Chapter 3 - Commissioning How is commissioning done locally? Effectiveness? Chapter 4 Architectural Design Site Form / Function/ Geometry Linking Architectural Design to Engineering Envelope - Thermal - Moisture - Light Chapter 4 Architectural Design General Organization Description High Performance Strategies Elements of Cost Sources of Further Information Chapter 4 Architectural Design High Performance Strategies - Safety, Infection Control - Energy - Occupant Comfort 6
Chapter 4 Architectural Design Energy Occupant Comfort Cost - Filtration - Heat Recovery Chapter 5 Early Stages Program Schematic Design Construction Construction Predesign Design Development Documents Management Post- Construction Impact of careful selection of Potential for Construction Team Sustainability Impact of Commissioning Degree of Effort Design to Construction Time Line Chapter 5 Early Stages Setting Goals: Traditional - Program, cost, schedule Green design project - Energy (total, peak, renewable) - Water use - Materials (construction, occupancy) - Occupant satisfaction, comfort, health - LEED certification? Chapter 5 Early Stages Integrated Building Design: More on this later this session 7
Chapter 5 Early Stages Building Modeling - Energy - Daylighting - Building Information Modeling Page 96 Daylighting Modeling Example Daylight renderings from South-West corner of the building looking North-East. Simulation for June 21. 12:00 Noon 2:00 P.M. Chapter 7 Load Determination First order of business Reduce loads Example of impact of higher building thermal mass Fig. 7-4 Chapter 7 Load Determination Daylight Harvesting Design: Key Points Pages 132-134 Site Geometry Envelope - Thermal - Moisture - Light 8
Chapter 7 Load Determination Daylight Harvesting Design: Key Points Chapter 7 Load Determination Daylight Harvesting Design: Key Points Different Facades Require Different Design Strategies: South South-facing - Exposed to the sun all day - Shade with overhangs to limit overhead solar rays - In hot climates, consider shading with fins to limit morning and afternoon solar gains in the winter - In cold climates, use only overhangs (for passive solar heating) - Shade with light shelves that will reflect light into the space Different Facades Require Different Design Strategies: North North-facing - Exposed to direct sun during morning and afternoon a few months each summer (at latitudes between 0 to 40 deg. N) - Shade with shallow fins to guard against summer heat gain - Shade with light shelves that will reflect light into the space * All strategies assume a design for latitudes between 25 40 deg. N latitude * All strategies assume a design for latitudes between 25 40 deg. N latitude 9
Chapter 7 Load Determination HVAC Design: Key Considerations (pg 136) - May seem basic, but is a good check list Chapter 8 Thermal Comfort Delivery Chapters has much discussion on different available methods for energy transfer - Air systems - Liquid pumps - Heat recovery Chapter 8 Thermal Comfort Delivery Green Tips: - Energy recovery #7-9 - Displacement ventilation #10 - Dedicated outdoor air systems #11 - Demand controlled ventilation #12 - Hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation #13 Chapter 9 Interaction with Local Environment Indoor Environmental Quality Cooling Tower Systems District Energy Systems Acoustics Green Roofs, Cool Roofs Designing Healthy Buildings 10
Chapter 9: Cooling Tower Systems Water treatment Drift Spills Cooling Tower Water Treatment Traditional: chemical treatment with biocides, corrosion and scale prevention - Biocidal Control Continuous chlorination at 0.5 ppm. Isothiazoline (1.5%) slug fed to 2 ppm once per week - Corrosion and Scale Control - Maintained constant Zinc at 2 ppm Polyphosphate at 20 ppm Triazole at 3 ppm Where Does the Chlorine Go? Improperly Installed Drift Eliminators Drift @ 0.005% = 1,440 gallons/mo (5,700 liters) Chlorine 99% released as gas 71 pounds/month (32 kg) Blowdown @ 4 Cycles = 36,960 gallons/mo (145,000 liters) 0.16 lbs (0.07 kg) of Chlorine 11
Acoustics Description: - Pulsed electric fields used to control scaling, biological growth and corrosion Pro Lower energy and water use More benign blowdown water Con Energy use to operate Water with high chloride or silica content limits effective use Criteria: Noise (NC), Room (RC) and dba 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook, Ch. 47 Indoor sound sources Outdoor sound control Acoustics Cool Roof Technologies Reflects 30 to 60% of incident solar Reflects ~ 80% of incident solar Sound barrier in dense urban setting Courtesy: Neil Moiseev (Shen, Milsom & Wilke Inc.) Absorbs 40 to 70% (heats roof and adds to cooling load and urban heat island) Conventional Roof Cool Roof Absorbs ~ 20% 12
Chapter 10 Energy Distribution General discussion on: - Steam - Hydronic systems - Air Applicability: - Chilled water - Hot water - Condenser water loops Chapter 11 Energy Conversion Heating plants Cooling (chilled water) plants - Chillers - Thermal energy storage Distributed electrical generation Combined systems (cooling, heat, power) Chapter 11 Energy Conversion One Method Possibly Applicable Desiccant dehumidification Another concept uses solar energy for heat Exhaust One approach Supply 13
Chapter 12 Energy Sources Solar energy applications - Buildings with large potential thermal need (e.g., hotels); but space limitations for collectors - Photovoltaic, but cost is still the issue - Building integrated PV Primarily architectural issue, but engineers can help push the energy benefits A PV skylight entryway (Courtesy of DOE/NREL) Chapter 13 Lighting Systems HVAC engineers primarily involved in lighting contribution to load calculations New lighting concepts can require a little more engineering thought - Daylight harvesting Conventional light tubes www.solatube.com Hybrid lighting (Oak Ridge Nat l l Lab, U.S.) 14
Chapter 14 Plumbing Water consumption important issue worldwide Not as much an HVAC issue (exception cooling towers, evaporative cooling) Chapter 15: Building Control Systems Control systems play vital role for realizing and sustaining the efficiency levels originally designed into the building systems Sustained Efficiency - Energy M&V - Water Operator training - Indoor Environmental Quality Chapter 15: Building Control Systems Pages 322 329: How building control can help achieve LEED credit points Example: Sample Indoor Air Quality control display, Figure 15-4 pg. 327 Chapter 18 O&M, Performance Evaluation Commissioning (Cx) - Initial occupancy - Retro-commissioning (continuous commissioning) 2 to 5 years after initial - Engineers start off helping with Cx projects before going into design Occupant surveys 15
Where to next?? Page 355 Proposed Standard 189 Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings Minimum requirements for the design of sustainable buildings to balance - environmental responsibility - resource efficiency - occupant comfort and well-being - community sensitivity Using USGBC s LEED Green Building Rating System as key resource Link for all ASHRAE information in this area (including downloadable Green Tips) www.engineeringforsustainability engineeringforsustainability.org Thanks to Tom Lawrence for most of the slides Tim Dwyer (timdwyer@lsbu( timdwyer@lsbu.ac..ac.uk) 16